Duan Y,Yao RQ,Zheng LY,et al.Influence of family with sequence similarity 134, member B-mediated reticulophagy on lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of mouse dendritic cells[J].Chin J Burns Wounds,2023,39(9):857-866.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20230227-00063.
Citation: Duan Y,Yao RQ,Zheng LY,et al.Influence of family with sequence similarity 134, member B-mediated reticulophagy on lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of mouse dendritic cells[J].Chin J Burns Wounds,2023,39(9):857-866.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20230227-00063.

Influence of family with sequence similarity 134, member B-mediated reticulophagy on lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of mouse dendritic cells

doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20230227-00063
Funds:

Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China 82130062, 82241062

More Information
  •   Objective   To investigate the influence of family with sequence similarity 134, member B (FAM134B)-mediated reticulophagy on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis of mouse dendritic cells (DCs), so as to provide a basis for improving the immune suppression of sepsis caused by wound infection and other factors.   Methods   The experimental research methods were used. The DC line DC2.4 of the 3 rd to 10 th passage in the logarithmic growth stage was collected for experiments. DCs were divided into LPS stimulation 0 h (no stimulation) group, LPS stimulation 6 h group, LPS stimulation 12 h group, LPS stimulation 24 h group, and LPS stimulation 72 h group, which were cultured with 1 μg/mL LPS (the same concentration below) for the corresponding time. The protein expressions of FAM134B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), and transporter protein SEC61B were determined by Western blotting, and the ratio of LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ was calculated ( n=3). DCs were divided into phosphate buffer solution (PBS) group and LPS group for corresponding treatment. After 24 hours of culture, the expression of FAM134B and its co-localization with lysosomal probes and LC3B were detected using immunofluorescence method, while the number of autolysosomes in cells were observed through transmission electron microscope. DCs were divided into the FAM134B-knockdown group that were transfected with lentivirus containing small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence of FAM134Bgene and the empty vector group with empty lentivirus transfected. At post transfection hour 72, the fluorescence expression of cells was observed under the inverted fluorescence phase contrast microscope, meanwhile, the normally cultured DCs were set as blank control group, and the same observation was performed at the corresponding time point. DCs were divided into PBS alone group and LPS alone group, DCs successfully transfected with lentivirus containing siRNA sequence of FAM134B gene were divided into FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group and FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group, and DCs successfully transfected with empty lentivirus were divided into empty vector+PBS group and empty vector+LPS group. These cells were stimulated correspondingly and cultured for 24 hours. The protein expression of FAM134B was detected using Western blotting ( n=3); the apoptotic rate of cells was determined by flow cytometry ( n=3); the situation of apoptosis was observed by Hoechst staining, and the apoptotic rate was calculated ( n=5); the protein expressions of cleaved cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-3 (caspase-3), B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were detected using Western blotting, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was calculated ( n=5). Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), least significant difference test, and ANOVA for factorial design.   Results   Compared with those in LPS stimulation 0 h group, the protein expressions of FAM134B of cells in LPS stimulation 12 h group and LPS stimulation 24 h group were significantly increased ( P<0.05), the protein expressions of SEC61B of cells in LPS stimulation 6 h group, LPS stimulation 12 h group, LPS stimulation 24 h group, and LPS stimulation 72 h group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the ratios of LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ of cells in LPS stimulation 24 h group and LPS stimulation 72 h group were obviously increased ( P<0.05). As the most significant changes of three proteins were seen in the cells of LPS stimulation 24 h group, 24 h was used as the duration of subsequent LPS stimulation. After 24 hours of culture, the expression of FAM134B and its co-localization with LC3B and lysosomal probes in the cells of LPS group were all significantly enhanced, with a significant increase in the number of autolysosomes in comparison with those in PBS group. Both the empty vector group and the FAM134B-knockdown group showed high intensity fluorescence in the cells at post transfection hour 72, but the blank control group showed no fluorescence in the cells at the corresponding time point. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group was significantly lower than the expressions in PBS alone group and empty vector+PBS group (with P values all <0.05), the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group was significantly lower than the expressions in LPS alone group and empty vector+LPS group (with P values all <0.05), the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in LPS alone group was significantly higher than that in PBS alone group ( P<0.05), while the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in empty vector+LPS group was significantly higher than that in empty vector+PBS group ( P<0.05). After 24 hours of culture, flow cytometry assay revealed that the apoptotic rate of cells in PBS alone group, LPS alone group, empty vector+PBS group, empty vector+LPS group, FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group, and FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group were (13.3±0.8)%, (32.6±4.3)%, (17.0±1.5)%, (51.7±3.3)%, (52.4±3.1)%, and (62.3±2.6)%, respectively. After 24 hours of culture, compared with those in LPS alone group and empty vector+LPS group, the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and the apoptotic rates of cells detected by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were significantly increased in FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group ( P<0.05); compared with those in the corresponding PBS treatment group, namely, PBS alone group, empty vector+PBS group, and FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group, the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and the apoptotic rates of cells detected by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were significantly increased in LPS alone group, empty vector+LPS group, and FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group ( P<0.05).   Conclusions   The activation of reticulophagy mediated by FAM134B in mouse DCs is enhanced and peaked in 24 hours under LPS stimulation, and the activated reticulophagy has a significant inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis.

     

  • [1]
    SingerM,DeutschmanCS,SeymourCW,et al.The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):801-810.DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287.
    [2]
    PeiF,YaoRQ,RenC,et al.Expert consensus on the monitoring and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression[J].Mil Med Res,2022,9(1):74.DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00430-y.
    [3]
    姚咏明,张卉.改善脓毒症患者长期预后的康复治疗对策[J].中华烧伤与创面修复杂志,2022,38(3):201-206.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20211004-00344.
    [4]
    GiovanelliP,SandovalTA,Cubillos-RuizJR.Dendritic cell metabolism and function in tumors[J].Trends Immunol,2019,40(8):699-718.DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.06.004.
    [5]
    WangLX,RenC,YaoRQ,et al.Sestrin2 protects against lethal sepsis by suppressing the pyroptosis of dendritic cells[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2021,78(24):8209-8227.DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03970-z.
    [6]
    LiJY,RenC,WangLX,et al.Sestrin2 protects dendrite cells against ferroptosis induced by sepsis[J].Cell Death Dis,2021,12(9):834.DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04122-8.
    [7]
    ChinoH,MizushimaN.ER-phagy: quality control and turnover of endoplasmic reticulum[J].Trends Cell Biol,2020,30(5):384-398.DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.02.001.
    [8]
    KhaminetsA,HeinrichT,MariM,et al.Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum turnover by selective autophagy[J].Nature,2015,522(7556):354-358.DOI: 10.1038/nature14498.
    [9]
    YaoRQ,RenC,XiaZF,et al.Organelle-specific autophagy in inflammatory diseases: a potential therapeutic target underlying the quality control of multiple organelles[J].Autophagy,2021,17(2):385-401.DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725377.
    [10]
    ZhaoPY,YaoRQ,ZhengLY,et al.Nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1-mediated ribophagy protects T lymphocytes against apoptosis in sepsis[J/OL].Burns Trauma,2023,11:tkac055[2023-03-27].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36873287/.DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac055.
    [11]
    WangLX,ZhuXM,LuoYN,et al.Sestrin2 protects dendritic cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis induced by high mobility group box-1 protein[J].Cell Death Dis,2020,11(2):125.DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2324-4.
    [12]
    费翔,盛志勇,姚咏明.脓毒症中树突状细胞免疫功能障碍研究进展[J].中华烧伤杂志,2020,36(2):150-155.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2020.02.014.
    [13]
    BourasM,AsehnouneK,RoquillyA.Contribution of dendritic cell responses to sepsis-induced immunosuppression and to susceptibility to secondary pneumonia[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:2590.DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02590.
    [14]
    LiT,ChenY,LiY,et al.FAM134B-mediated endoplasmic reticulum autophagy protects against sepsis myocardial injury in mice[J].Aging (Albany NY),2021,13(10):13535-13547.DOI: 10.18632/aging.202786.
    [15]
    LuoR,LiS,LiG,et al.FAM134B-mediated ER-phagy upregulation attenuates AGEs-induced apoptosis and senescence in human nucleus pulposus cells[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2021,2021:3843145.DOI: 10.1155/2021/3843145.
    [16]
    WangC,LiY,LiY,et al.FAM134B-mediated ER-phagy in Mg2+-free solution-induced mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and cell death in epileptic hippocampal neurons[J].Neurochem Res,2021,46(9):2485-2494.DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03389-9.
    [17]
    ZhangR,KangR,TangD.The STING1 network regulates autophagy and cell death[J].Signal Transduct Target Ther,2021,6(1):208.DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00613-4.
    [18]
    MorettiJ,RoyS,BozecD,et al.STING senses microbial viability to orchestrate stress-mediated autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum[J].Cell,2017,171(4):809-823.e13.DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.034.
    [19]
    JiangX,WangX,DingX,et al.FAM134B oligomerization drives endoplasmic reticulum membrane scission for ER-phagy[J].EMBO J,2020,39(5):e102608.DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102608.
    [20]
    BockFJ,TaitSWG.Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of cell death[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2020,21(2):85-100.DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0173-8.
  • Relative Articles

    [1]Sun Bingwei, Wang Yifan, Yang Yunxi. Neutrophil and burn sepsis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2024, 40(7): 618-624. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20240329-00109
    [2]Zhou Qiyuan, Li Jingyan, Yao Yongming, Tian Yingping. Role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 in ferroptosis of mouse dendritic cells under simulated sepsis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2024, 40(10): 930-939. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20240430-00159
    [3]Wu Mengyao, He Pengyi, Duan Yu, Zheng Liyu, Yao Renqi, Zhou Qiyuan, Chen Yu, Dong Ning, Wu Yao, Yao Yongming. Effects of stimulator of interferon gene on ferroptosis mediated by acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 in mouse dendritic cells under sepsis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2024, 40(10): 920-929. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20240518-00184
    [4]Yao Yongming, Zhang Hui, Wu Yao. Novel strategy of sepsis immunomodulation targeting dendritic cells[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2023, 39(7): 606-611. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20230321-00087
    [5]Fei Xiang, Sheng Zhiyong, Yao Yongming. Update in immune regulatory dysfunction of dendritic cells in sepsis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2020, 36(2): 150-155. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2020.02.014
    [6]Ren Chao, Li Xiuhua, Wu Yao, Dong Ning, Yao Yongming. Influence of vagus nerve on multiple organ function and immune reaction of T lymphocytes in septic rats[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2018, 34(11): 815-820. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2018.11.018
    [7]Zhou Hao, Wang Guangqing, Luo Pengfei, Xia Zhaofan. Role of nuclear factor-κB activation in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2017, 33(12): 782-784. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2017.12.014
    [8]Zbou Yue-ping, Rong Xin-zhou, Fan Gui-cheng, Liu Si-rong, Wei Ya-ming. Influence of exogenous putrescine on the function of liver and apoptosis of liver cells in rats[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2014, 30(1): 46-50. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2014.01.012
    [9]CUI Fei-fei, PAN Ying-ying, DAI Yah-li, WANG Zhou- guang, XIAO Jian, JIANG Li-ping. Effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress related proteins and their mediated apoptosis in the formation of deep tissue injury of pressure ulcer in rats[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2013, 29(5): 448-453. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2013.05.011
    [10]YAO Yong-ming, HUANG Li-feng. The potential role of regulatory T cells in postburn sepsis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2011, 27(2): 81-83. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2011.02.001
    [11]LIU Qing-yang, YAO Yong-ming. The regulatory effect and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharides on CD11chighCD45RBlow dendritic cell[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2011, 27(2): 95-99. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2011.02.005
    [14]LI Ying, GUO Li. Study on endoplasmic reticulum stress and injury to basic function unit of colonic motility in rats with scald injury[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2009, 25(3): 193-196. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2009.03.012
    [15]LIU Feng, YAO Yong-ming, DONG Ning, XU Shan, SHENG Zhi-yong. The receptor mechanism of high mobility group box-1 protein induced apoptosis in peritoneal macrophages in mice[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2007, 23(6): 432-435.
    [16]DONG Ning, YAO Yong-ming, CAO Yu-jue, HE Li-xin, YU Yan, CHAI Jia-ke, SHENG Zhi-yong. The clinical significance of changes in immunological function of T lymphocyte in severe bum patients with sepsis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2007, 23(2): 84-87.
    [18]WANG Qiang, PENG Yi-zhi, WANG Yi-tao, WANG Yong-quan, YOU Bo. The influence of antigen loading on the immunological characteristics of dendritic cells induced by low concentrations of granulocytc macrophagc colony stimulating factor[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2006, 22(3): 211-214.
    [19]FAN Jun, XIE Yong, ZHOU Nan-fin, CHEN Jiang, DENG Zhi-yun. The influence of apoptosis of lymphocytes of Peyer's patches on the pathogenesis of gut barrier damage in severely scalded mice[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2006, 22(4): 254-257.
    [20]YOU Bo, PENG Yi-zhi, WANG Qiang, WANG Yi-tao, WANG Yong-quan. Research on the immune tolerance induced by the third party immature dendritic cells loaded with allogeneic antigen[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2006, 22(2): 113-116.
  • Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Amount of accessChart context menuAbstract Views, HTML Views, PDF Downloads StatisticsAbstract ViewsHTML ViewsPDF Downloads2024-022024-032024-042024-052024-062024-072024-082024-092024-102024-112024-122025-010100200300400
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Class DistributionFULLTEXT: 11.3 %FULLTEXT: 11.3 %META: 85.9 %META: 85.9 %PDF: 2.8 %PDF: 2.8 %FULLTEXTMETAPDF
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Area Distribution其他: 4.2 %其他: 4.2 %其他: 0.2 %其他: 0.2 %China: 0.1 %China: 0.1 %三明: 0.1 %三明: 0.1 %三门峡: 0.2 %三门峡: 0.2 %上海: 0.7 %上海: 0.7 %东莞: 0.1 %东莞: 0.1 %丽水: 2.1 %丽水: 2.1 %佛山: 1.2 %佛山: 1.2 %六安: 0.1 %六安: 0.1 %包头: 0.5 %包头: 0.5 %北京: 2.1 %北京: 2.1 %十堰: 0.2 %十堰: 0.2 %南京: 0.6 %南京: 0.6 %南平: 0.2 %南平: 0.2 %南昌: 0.1 %南昌: 0.1 %厦门: 0.5 %厦门: 0.5 %台州: 1.3 %台州: 1.3 %吉林: 0.9 %吉林: 0.9 %呼和浩特: 0.1 %呼和浩特: 0.1 %咸阳: 1.5 %咸阳: 1.5 %哈尔滨: 0.1 %哈尔滨: 0.1 %唐山: 0.1 %唐山: 0.1 %嘉兴: 0.9 %嘉兴: 0.9 %大连: 1.9 %大连: 1.9 %天津: 0.8 %天津: 0.8 %宁德: 0.5 %宁德: 0.5 %宁波: 0.8 %宁波: 0.8 %安康: 0.4 %安康: 0.4 %宜春: 0.4 %宜春: 0.4 %宣城: 0.1 %宣城: 0.1 %宿迁: 1.8 %宿迁: 1.8 %常德: 0.9 %常德: 0.9 %广安: 0.1 %广安: 0.1 %广州: 4.2 %广州: 4.2 %张家口: 0.8 %张家口: 0.8 %徐州: 0.6 %徐州: 0.6 %德阳: 0.1 %德阳: 0.1 %成都: 0.2 %成都: 0.2 %扬州: 0.8 %扬州: 0.8 %抚州: 1.1 %抚州: 1.1 %新乡: 0.1 %新乡: 0.1 %无锡: 0.4 %无锡: 0.4 %日照: 0.6 %日照: 0.6 %昆明: 0.1 %昆明: 0.1 %普赖恩维尔: 0.4 %普赖恩维尔: 0.4 %朝阳: 0.6 %朝阳: 0.6 %杭州: 1.2 %杭州: 1.2 %格兰特县: 0.1 %格兰特县: 0.1 %梧州: 0.2 %梧州: 0.2 %榆林: 0.1 %榆林: 0.1 %武汉: 0.9 %武汉: 0.9 %汕头: 1.1 %汕头: 1.1 %池州: 0.6 %池州: 0.6 %沃思堡: 0.5 %沃思堡: 0.5 %沈阳: 1.2 %沈阳: 1.2 %泉州: 0.1 %泉州: 0.1 %泰州: 0.2 %泰州: 0.2 %泸州: 0.1 %泸州: 0.1 %洛阳: 0.2 %洛阳: 0.2 %济南: 0.6 %济南: 0.6 %济源: 0.1 %济源: 0.1 %海口: 0.2 %海口: 0.2 %海西: 0.2 %海西: 0.2 %淮北: 0.1 %淮北: 0.1 %淮南: 0.1 %淮南: 0.1 %淮安: 0.7 %淮安: 0.7 %温州: 0.7 %温州: 0.7 %渭南: 0.4 %渭南: 0.4 %湖州: 1.8 %湖州: 1.8 %湘潭: 0.1 %湘潭: 0.1 %湘西: 0.6 %湘西: 0.6 %漯河: 1.9 %漯河: 1.9 %漳州: 0.7 %漳州: 0.7 %潍坊: 0.1 %潍坊: 0.1 %盐城: 0.6 %盐城: 0.6 %盘锦: 0.4 %盘锦: 0.4 %石家庄: 0.6 %石家庄: 0.6 %福州: 0.5 %福州: 0.5 %秦皇岛: 0.7 %秦皇岛: 0.7 %绍兴: 1.5 %绍兴: 1.5 %绵阳: 0.1 %绵阳: 0.1 %舟山: 0.6 %舟山: 0.6 %芒廷维尤: 18.5 %芒廷维尤: 18.5 %芝加哥: 0.2 %芝加哥: 0.2 %苏州: 0.2 %苏州: 0.2 %荆州: 0.4 %荆州: 0.4 %荆门: 0.7 %荆门: 0.7 %营口: 0.6 %营口: 0.6 %葫芦岛: 0.6 %葫芦岛: 0.6 %襄阳: 0.5 %襄阳: 0.5 %西宁: 1.5 %西宁: 1.5 %西安: 0.2 %西安: 0.2 %赣州: 0.1 %赣州: 0.1 %辽阳: 0.6 %辽阳: 0.6 %连云港: 0.4 %连云港: 0.4 %邵阳: 1.1 %邵阳: 1.1 %郑州: 0.1 %郑州: 0.1 %郴州: 0.6 %郴州: 0.6 %重庆: 8.1 %重庆: 8.1 %金华: 0.4 %金华: 0.4 %铁岭: 1.9 %铁岭: 1.9 %锦州: 0.2 %锦州: 0.2 %长沙: 0.7 %长沙: 0.7 %随州: 0.2 %随州: 0.2 %青岛: 0.4 %青岛: 0.4 %鞍山: 4.2 %鞍山: 4.2 %鹰潭: 0.1 %鹰潭: 0.1 %黄冈: 0.5 %黄冈: 0.5 %黄南: 0.4 %黄南: 0.4 %黄山: 0.2 %黄山: 0.2 %黄石: 0.4 %黄石: 0.4 %其他其他China三明三门峡上海东莞丽水佛山六安包头北京十堰南京南平南昌厦门台州吉林呼和浩特咸阳哈尔滨唐山嘉兴大连天津宁德宁波安康宜春宣城宿迁常德广安广州张家口徐州德阳成都扬州抚州新乡无锡日照昆明普赖恩维尔朝阳杭州格兰特县梧州榆林武汉汕头池州沃思堡沈阳泉州泰州泸州洛阳济南济源海口海西淮北淮南淮安温州渭南湖州湘潭湘西漯河漳州潍坊盐城盘锦石家庄福州秦皇岛绍兴绵阳舟山芒廷维尤芝加哥苏州荆州荆门营口葫芦岛襄阳西宁西安赣州辽阳连云港邵阳郑州郴州重庆金华铁岭锦州长沙随州青岛鞍山鹰潭黄冈黄南黄山黄石

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(8)  / Tables(2)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (728) PDF downloads(24) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return