Effects of four types of perforator flaps pedicled with cutaneous neurotrophic vessels in repairing wounds on the volar side of hands
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摘要:
目的 探讨采用4种皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣修复手部掌侧创面的效果。 方法 采用回顾性观察性研究方法。2012年5月—2021年7月,唐山市第二医院手外科收治122例符合入选标准的手部掌侧创面患者,其中男74例、女48例,年龄18~76岁,包括单纯手掌损伤者15例、单纯手指损伤者101例、手掌和手指同时受损者6例。创面面积为1.5 cm×1.2 cm~15.0 cm×6.0 cm,均经移植皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣修复,其中移植带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣者16例、移植带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣者20例、移植带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣者21例、移植带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣者65例,皮瓣面积为1.8 cm×1.4 cm~20.0 cm×6.0 cm。术前行高频彩色多普勒超声检查对皮瓣穿支血管及皮神经进行定位和测量,术中均将皮瓣携带皮神经与受区神经吻合。将供瓣区创面直接闭合,或移植同侧大腿/前臂近端内侧游离中厚/全厚皮片修复。术后观察皮瓣与供瓣区移植皮片成活情况及供瓣区切口愈合情况。随访患者并于末次随访时,测量皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离,参照Michigan手部功能问卷评定标准评估患者对皮瓣及供瓣区外观的满意度,根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定患手功能。 结果 术后,1例患者移植的带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣及2例患者移植的带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药处理愈合;其余119例患者移植的皮瓣均成活。术后供瓣区移植皮片均成活,供瓣区切口均愈合。随访时间为10~36个月,平均16个月。末次随访时,带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离为10~20 mm,皮瓣外观满意度评估:非常满意者10例、满意者6例,供瓣区外观满意度评估:非常满意者7例、满意者9例,患手功能评定:优者7例、良者7例、可者2例;带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离为8~18 mm,皮瓣外观满意度评估:非常满意者13例、满意者7例,供瓣区外观满意度评估:非常满意者10例、满意者10例,患手功能评定:优者11例、良者7例、可者2例;带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离为6~11 mm,皮瓣外观满意度评估:非常满意者17例、满意者4例,供瓣区外观满意度评估:非常满意者13例、满意者8例,患手功能评定:优者15例、良者6例;带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离为5~12 mm,皮瓣外观满意度评估:非常满意者43例、满意者22例,供瓣区外观满意度评估:非常满意者47例、满意者18例,患手功能评定:优者39例、良者21例、可者5例。 结论 在高频彩色多普勒超声辅助下,应用4种皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣修复手部掌侧不同类型创面,皮瓣血供可靠、切取方便,供区继发损伤小,术后皮瓣感觉恢复较好。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of four types of perforator flaps pedicled with cutaneous neurotrophic vessels in repairing wounds on the volar side of hands. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted. From May 2012 to July 2021, 122 patients with wounds on the volar side of hands who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to the Department of Hand Surgery of the Second Hospital of Tangshan, including 74 males and 48 females, aged 18-76 years. There were 15 cases of palm injury alone, 101 cases of finger injury alone, and 6 cases of simultaneous palm and finger injury. The wounds with area ranging from 1.5 cm×1.2 cm to 15.0 cm×6.0 cm were all repaired by transplantation of perforator flaps pedicled with cutaneous neurotrophic vessels, including 16 cases of the ulnar artery perforator flap carrying the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 20 cases of the dorsal metacarpal artery perforator flap carrying the dorsal metacarpal cutaneous nerve, 21 cases of the digital artery dorsal perforator flap of thumb carrying the terminal branch of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, and 65 cases of the digital artery dorsal perforator flap of the 2 nd to 5 th finger carrying the dorsal branch of digital nerve, with the sizes of flaps ranging from 1.8 cm×1.4 cm to 20.0 cm×6.0 cm. High-frequency color Doppler ultrasonography was performed to locate and measure the perforators and cutaneous nerves of the flaps preoperatively. The cutaneous nerves carried by the flaps were all anastomosed with the nerves at the recipient sites during the operation. The donor sites were closed directly or repaired with split- or full-thickness free skin graft from the ipsilateral thigh or proximal medial forearm. The survival of the flaps and skin grafts at the flap donor sites, and the healing of incisions at the flap donor sites were observed postoperatively. The patients were followed up, and at the last follow-up, the static two-point discrimination distances of the flaps were measured, the degree of satisfaction of patients with the appearances of the flaps and flap donor sites were evaluated based on the evaluation criteria of Michigan Hand Function Questionnaire, and the functions of the affected hands were evaluated according to the trial criteria for upper limb function evaluation of the Hand Surgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association. Results After surgery, the distal end of the ulnar artery perforator flap carrying the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve transplanted in one patient and the digital artery dorsal perforator flap of the 2 nd to 5 th finger carrying the dorsal branch of digital nerve transplanted in two patients were partially necrotic but healed after dressing change; the flaps transplanted in the other 119 patients all survived. All skin grafts at the flap donor sites survived, and all incisions at the flap donor sites healed after surgery. The follow-up period was 10 to 36 months, with an average of 16 months. At the last follow-up, the static two-point discrimination distances of the ulnar artery perforator flaps carrying the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve was 10 to 20 mm. Ten patients were strongly satisfied and 6 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flaps. Seven patients were strongly satisfied and 9 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flap donor sites. Functional evaluation of the affected hand was excellent in 7 cases, good in 7 cases, and fair in 2 cases. For the dorsal metacarpal artery perforator flap carrying the dorsal metacarpal cutaneous nerve, the static two-point discrimination distances of the flaps was 8 to 18 mm; 13 patients were strongly satisfied and 7 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flaps; 10 patients were strongly satisfied and 10 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flap donor sites; the functional evaluation of the affected hand was excellent in 11 cases, good in 7 cases, and fair in 2 cases. For the digital artery dorsal perforator flap of thumb carrying the terminal branch of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, the static two-point discrimination distances of the flaps was 6 to 11 mm; 17 patients were strongly satisfied and 4 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flaps; 13 patients were strongly satisfied and 8 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flap donor sites; the functional evaluation of the affected hand was excellent in 15 cases and good in 6 cases. For the digital artery dorsal perforator flap of the 2 nd to 5 th finger carrying the dorsal branch of digital nerve, the static two-point discrimination distances of the flaps was 5 to 12 mm; 43 patients were strongly satisfied and 22 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flaps; 47 patients were strongly satisfied and 18 patients were satisfied in the evaluation of satisfaction with the appearance of the flap donor sites; the functional evaluation of the affected hands were excellent in 39 cases, good in 21 cases, and fair in 5 cases. Conclusions With the assistance of high-frequency color Doppler ultrasonography, four types of perforator flaps pedicled with cutaneous neurotropic vessels which are used to repair different types of wounds on the volar side of the hand can have reliable blood supply, are easy to cut, cause minimal secondary damage to the donor area, and have good recovery of the flap sensation after surgery. -
Key words:
- Hand injuries /
- Surgical flaps /
- Perforator flap /
- Ultrasonography, Doppler, color /
- Cutaneous nerve /
- Wound repair
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(1)采用的4种皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣血供充足可靠、切取方便、皮瓣感觉较好,适合修复手部掌侧创面。
(2)术前行高频彩色多普勒超声检查对皮瓣皮神经及周围穿支血管进行定位与测量,预构皮瓣切取范围及旋转点,可减小操作难度,缩短手术时间,提高皮瓣移植成功率。
Highlights:
(1)The adopted four types of perforator flaps pedicled with cutaneous neurotrophic vessels had reliable and sufficient blood supply, were easy to cut, and had good flap sensation, which were suitable for repairing wounds on the volar side of the hand.
(2)Preoperative localization and measurement of the cutaneous nerves and surrounding perforators of the flaps by high-frequency color Doppler ultrasonography, and pre-determination of the flap resection range and rotation point could reduce operational difficulty, shorten surgical time, and improve the success rate of flap transplantation.
日常工作、生活中,许多手部动作如抓握、拿捏、触碰等都首先需要掌侧皮肤来感知。因此,手部掌侧创面的修复不仅要求良好的皮肤覆盖,而且还需尽可能恢复皮肤感觉。近年来,随着对解剖学研究的不断深入及显微外科技术的提高,各类穿支皮瓣逐渐成为创面修复的主流皮瓣,相关报道也越来越多 [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] 。常用于修复手部掌侧创面的穿支皮瓣包括尺动脉穿支皮瓣、掌背动脉穿支皮瓣及第1~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣等 [ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13] 。为了进一步改善皮瓣血供及皮瓣感觉,唐山市第二医院(下称本单位)手外科采用4种吻合神经的皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣修复手部掌侧创面,获得良好的疗效。
1. 对象与方法
本回顾性观察性研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的基本原则。
1.1 入选标准
纳入标准:(1)各种原因导致的手部掌侧创面,并经移植带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣、带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣、带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣或带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣修复者。(2)术中均行神经吻合;(3)年龄、性别不限。排除标准:临床资料不全或未完成随访者。
1.2 临床资料
2012年5月—2021年7月,本单位手外科收治122例符合入选标准的手部掌侧创面患者,其中男74例、女48例,年龄18~76岁(平均43岁),包括绞伤者48例、压砸伤者41例、切割伤者33例,其中单纯手掌损伤者15例、单纯手指损伤者101例、手掌和手指同时受损者6例,创面面积为1.5 cm×1.2 cm~15.0 cm×6.0 cm。所有病例均存在骨骼和/或肌腱、神经外露,受伤至入院时间为1~6 h(平均3 h),入院至皮瓣手术时间为0.5 h~5 d(平均3.0 h)。
1.3 手术方法
术前应用高频彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(频率14~18 MHz)对拟切取带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣、带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣、带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣及带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣处穿支血管及皮神经进行定位及标记,以穿支作为旋转点粗略勾勒包含皮神经的皮瓣切取范围,设计成螺旋桨或逆行带蒂皮瓣,皮瓣面积较创面面积适当放大。手术均在臂丛神经阻滞麻醉及上臂绑扎止血带止血下进行。
1.3.1 带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣
在前臂中立位,以豌豆骨与肱骨内上髁的连线为轴线。沿皮瓣设计线桡侧缘切开皮肤及皮下组织。在尺侧腕屈肌与指浅屈肌间隙内找到术前定位的尺动脉穿支,确认穿支进入皮瓣后,在皮瓣近侧缘找到前臂内侧皮神经并包含在皮瓣内,向近端游离神经1~3 cm,锐性切断并标记。切开皮瓣剩余皮缘,由肢体近端向远端切取皮瓣至旋转点,注意保留穿支周围少量软组织。如果皮瓣较大,则将沿途的相邻尺动脉穿支上、下行支形成的血管链包含在皮瓣内。确定皮瓣血运正常后,将其通过开放隧道转位至受区。用9-0显微缝合线将皮瓣携带的前臂内侧皮神经与创面内神经进行端端吻合。低张力下缝合皮瓣,于皮瓣深层放置多根引流条(皮瓣的缝合及后续处置下同)。将宽度≤4.0 cm的供瓣区创面直接缝合;将宽度>4.0 cm的供瓣区创面部分缝合,移植同侧大腿中厚皮片修复供瓣区残留创面并打包固定。用凡士林纱布覆盖皮片供区,棉垫加压包扎(皮片供区处理后同)。本组患者中应用该皮瓣的单纯手掌损伤者12例、手掌和手指同时受损者4例,其中10例吻合指神经、6例吻合指掌侧总神经,皮瓣面积为4.5 cm×2.5 cm~20.0 cm×6.0 cm。
1.3.2 带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣
以手背第2~5指指蹼中点与相应掌骨的平行线为轴线。沿设计线切开皮瓣,在皮瓣近端找到掌背皮神经并包含在皮瓣内。由近及远切取皮瓣,在伸肌腱腱联合水平注意避免损伤浅出的掌背动脉。如创面距离皮瓣较近,皮瓣可不包含掌背动脉主干;如距离较远,为保证皮瓣血供可靠,皮瓣宜携带腱联合以远掌背动脉,直至穿支旋转点。确定皮瓣血运正常后,将其通过皮下隧道或开放隧道转位至受区。用10-0显微缝合线将皮瓣携带的掌背皮神经与创面内神经进行端端吻合。将宽度≤3.0 cm的供瓣区创面直接缝合;移植前臂近端内侧游离全厚皮片修复宽度>3.0 cm的供瓣区创面并打包固定。本组患者中应用该皮瓣的单纯手掌损伤者3例、单纯手指损伤者15例、手掌和手指同时受损者2例,其中10例吻合指神经、7例吻合指神经背侧支、3例吻合指掌侧总神经,皮瓣面积:2.5 cm×2.0 cm~6.0 cm×3.5 cm。
1.3.3 带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣
以拇指桡侧指间关节与掌指关节侧方中点连线为轴线。首先沿皮瓣偏掌侧缘切开皮肤直至深筋膜层,在旋转点找到桡侧指动脉背侧穿支,注意保护皮瓣内相邻指动脉背侧穿支形成的血管链。在皮瓣近端找到前臂外侧皮神经终末支,确定将其包含在皮瓣内。在大鱼际肌膜浅层平面由近及远切取皮瓣直至旋转点。确定皮瓣血运正常后,将其通过开放隧道转位至拇指掌侧创面。用10-0显微缝合线吻合皮瓣携带的前臂外侧皮神经终末支与一侧指神经。供瓣区创面处理方式同1.3.2。本团队应用该皮瓣修复本组21例患者拇指创面,皮瓣面积:2.0 cm×1.5 cm~4.5 cm×3.2 cm。
1.3.4 带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣
以伤指一侧侧方中线为轴线。一般选择更靠近创面近侧缘并且周围皮肤挫伤不严重一侧切取皮瓣,如两侧伤情相同则选择优势动脉侧,即示、中指尺侧和环、小指桡侧。首先沿一侧皮缘切开皮瓣,找到与创面邻近的指动脉背侧穿支,保护皮瓣内相邻指动脉背侧穿支形成的血管链。在皮瓣近端找到指神经背侧支,确定将其包含在皮瓣内。切开皮瓣剩余皮缘,于指伸肌腱腱膜浅层平面由近及远切取皮瓣直至旋转点。确定皮瓣血运正常后,将其通过开放隧道转位至受区。用10-0显微缝合线吻合皮瓣携带的指神经背侧支与创面内神经。如供瓣区位于近节侧方且创面宽度≤1.5 cm,则直接闭合创面;如供瓣区位于其余部位或创面宽度>1.5 cm,则移植前臂近端内侧游离全厚皮片修复创面并打包固定。本团队应用该皮瓣修复本组65例患者第2~5指创面,其中47例吻合指神经、18例吻合指神经背侧支,皮瓣面积:1.8 cm×1.4 cm~4.2 cm×2.5 cm。
1.4 术后处理
术后常规静脉滴注头孢菌素预防缝合口感染,口服神经营养药物甲钴胺(每次500 μg,每日3次)。抬高患肢,支具托休息位保护。监测皮瓣血运变化1周,术后24~48 h拔除引流条。术后2周拆除缝线及支具,在康复师的帮助下开始患肢关节活动及皮瓣感觉功能康复训练。
1.5 观测指标
术后观察皮瓣与供瓣区移植皮片成活情况及供瓣区切口愈合情况。随访患者并于末次随访时,测量皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离;参照Michigan手部功能问卷评定标准 [ 14] 评估患者对皮瓣及供瓣区外观的满意度,其中1分为非常不满意、2分为不满意、3分为可、4分为满意、5分为非常满意;根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准 [ 15] 评定患手功能,其中关节主动活动范围正常为优,大于或等于健侧的75%且小于健侧的100%为良,大于或等于健侧的50%且小于健侧的75%为可,小于健侧的50%为差。
2. 结果
2.1 总体情况
术后,1例患者移植的带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣及2例患者移植的带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药处理愈合;其余119例患者移植的皮瓣均成活。术后供瓣区移植皮片均成活,供瓣区切口均愈合。随访时间为10~36个月,平均16个月。末次随访时,皮瓣的静态两点辨别觉距离、患者对皮瓣与供瓣区外观的满意度、患手的功能评定情况见 表1。
表1 4种皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣修复122例患者手部掌侧创面后末次随访时的功能与外观情况表1. Appearance and function of 122 patients with wounds on the volar side of hands repaired with four types of perforator flaps pedicled with cutaneous neurotrophic vessels at the last follow-up皮瓣名称 例数 皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离(mm) 患者对皮瓣外观的满意度(例) 患者对供瓣区外观的满意度(例) 患手功能(例) 非常满意 满意 非常满意 满意 优 良 可 带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣 16 10~20 10 6 7 9 7 7 2 带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣 20 8~18 13 7 10 10 11 7 2 带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣 21 6~11 17 4 13 8 15 6 0 带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣 65 5~12 43 22 47 18 39 21 5 2.2 典型病例
例1
女,63岁,机器绞伤致右手及右腕尺侧半缺损、掌侧形成大面积创面,伤后3 h入院。入院时,右手及右腕尺掌侧创面面积约为14.0 cm×5.0 cm,骨质外露,第3~5指缺如。入院后1.0 h清创,行常规间歇VSD治疗5 d,采用带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉腕上穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复创面,皮瓣面积为20.0 cm×6.0 cm。术中将皮瓣携带的前臂内侧皮神经与手掌创面内中指桡侧指神经吻合。将供瓣区创面部分缝合后取同侧大腿面积约6.0 cm×3.5 cm游离中厚皮片移植修复供瓣区剩余创面。术后皮瓣成活。术后随访12个月时,皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离为15 mm;皮瓣外形良好,且颜色、质地与周围正常组织相近,患者对皮瓣外观表示非常满意;前臂供瓣区植皮无明显凹陷或色素沉着,边缘残留少量环形瘢痕,患者对供瓣区外观表示满意;患手功能评定为良。见 图1。
例2
男,29岁,压砸伤致左手掌远端及中指近节掌侧形成创面,伤后2 h入院。入院时,左手掌远端及中指近节掌侧创面面积约3.0 cm×2.0 cm,中指屈肌腱及尺侧指神经血管束外露。入院后1.0 h采用带掌背皮神经的第2掌背动脉穿支皮瓣修复创面,皮瓣面积为3.5 cm×2.5 cm。术中将皮瓣携带的掌背皮神经与中指尺侧指神经吻合,将供瓣区创面直接缝合。术后皮瓣成活。术后随访13个月时,皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离为8 mm;皮瓣外形良好,供瓣区残留轻微线性瘢痕,患者对皮瓣及供瓣区外观均表示非常满意;患手功能评定为优。见 图2。
例3
男,35岁,机器绞伤致左拇指掌侧形成创面,伤后3 h入院。入院时,左拇指掌侧创面面积2.5 cm×2.0 cm,骨质外露。入院后1.0 h采用带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣修复创面,皮瓣面积为3.5 cm×2.2 cm。术中将皮瓣携带的前臂外侧皮神经终末支与拇指尺侧指神经残端吻合,将供瓣区创面直接缝合。术后皮瓣成活。术后随访18个月时,皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离为6 mm;皮瓣外形良好,供瓣区残留轻微线性瘢痕,患者对皮瓣及供瓣区外观均表示非常满意;患手功能评定为优。见 图3。
例4
男,59岁,压砸伤致左手中、环指中末节掌侧形成创面,伤后2 h入院。入院时,左手中、环指中末节掌侧创面面积分别为3.2 cm×1.8 cm、2.6 cm×1.7 cm,骨质外露。入院后1.0 h采用带指神经背侧支的同指桡侧指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣修复创面,皮瓣面积分别为4.0 cm×2.1 cm、3.5 cm×2.0 cm。术中将皮瓣携带的指神经背侧支与伤指尺侧指神经残端吻合,取前臂近端内侧全厚皮片修复供瓣区创面。术后皮瓣成活。术后随访6个月时,左手中、环指皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离分别为7、6 mm;皮瓣外形良好,供瓣区无明显凹陷,边缘残留轻微环形瘢痕,患者对皮瓣及供瓣区外观均表示非常满意;患手功能评定为优。见 图4。
3. 讨论
由于手部掌侧皮肤的独特性及重要性,该部位因各种原因所致创面的修复一直是手外科的研究热点,需要考虑供区与手部掌侧结构相近、感觉恢复好等因素,因此,选择一种合适的修复术式至关重要。随着超级显微外科技术的诞生,直径为0.3~0.8 mm血管的吻合成为现实,游离穿支皮瓣(特别微小皮瓣)已被用于修复各种类型创面 [ 16, 17, 18, 19] 。但游离穿支皮瓣的应用不仅需要显微外科技术精湛的团队,还要有雄厚的辅助科室支持及特殊的手术设备 [ 20] 。所以,各种游离穿支皮瓣不适合在基层医院特别是急诊时广泛应用。皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣是皮神经营养血管皮瓣与穿支皮瓣结合的产物,它继承了两者的优点,相关手术操作简便,便于临床应用推广 [ 21, 22, 23, 24] 。
本研究开展术式的优点如下:(1)与传统皮神经营养血管皮瓣或穿支皮瓣相比,皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣有2套血供系统,血供充分,可在相应供区切取更大范围的该类皮瓣,且术后皮瓣成活率高。(2)与游离穿支皮瓣比较,皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣移植的相关操作简单、省时,不需要精湛的显微外科技术和复杂的手术设备,适合各级医院急诊手术应用。(3)将皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣携带的皮神经与受区神经吻合,可提高皮瓣感觉质量与恢复速度 [ 25] 。(4)皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣均为近位皮瓣,供、受区均在同一侧肢体,较远位皮瓣操作更简便、省时,且术中出血少。(5)与便携式多普勒血流探测仪相比,本术式应用的高频彩色多普勒超声诊断仪可以测量穿支的口径、血流方向、流速及皮神经走行,使皮瓣的切取更精确;与CT血管造影和数字减影血管造影相比,高频彩色多普勒超声不需要造影剂,没有辐射,操作更简便、费用低。本术式存在的不足为切断皮神经后遗留供区感觉麻木 [ 26] 。
本研究开展术式的疗效评价与得失:4种皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣均携带皮神经并需与受区神经进行吻合来重建受区皮瓣感觉。虽然皮瓣携带供区皮神经,会对供区皮肤感觉造成一定破坏,但考虑到手部掌侧皮肤感觉的重要性,本课题组认为这些损失是值得的。此外,随着时间的推移,供区皮肤周围末梢神经可长入皮肤使其恢复部分感觉,并不会对供区造成巨大继发损伤。根据顾玉东 [ 27] 院士提出的指部皮肤缺损的修复原则,要求手指掌侧创面皮瓣供区首选指侧面且需带皮神经,尽量少选择手背及掌侧作为皮瓣供区。因此,应将掌背动脉穿支皮瓣作为二线补充术式,只有在无法应用其他部位皮瓣时才应用。在带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣、带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣及带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣供区创面植皮的来源上,本课题组选择前臂近端内侧游离全厚皮片。虽然前臂近端内侧不如上臂内侧隐蔽,但是该部位相较前臂其他部位也属于较隐蔽部位,而且临床实践显示上臂内侧皮片比前臂近端内侧皮片更厚,修复上述3种皮瓣供区创面后局部较臃肿,不如前臂近端内侧皮片美观。此外,由于上臂内侧皮肤属于第2胸神经前支支配区,不属于臂丛神经阻滞的影响范围,导致许多患者该部位臂丛神经阻滞麻醉效果差,需要给予额外局部麻醉,增加手术时间及患者疼痛。因此,综合以上原因,本课题组选择将前臂近端内侧作为植皮供区。
本研究开展术式的适应证如下:(1)带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣主要适用于修复手掌及手部尺侧较大面积创面。(2)带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣适用于修复手掌远端及第2~5指掌侧创面,特别是第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣无法满足修复需求者,而且可以同时修复多个手指创面。(3)带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣适用于修复拇指掌侧创面。(4)带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣适用于修复第2~5指中末节掌侧中、小面积创面,并可同时修复多个手指。(5)由于吻合神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣及掌背动脉穿支皮瓣供区位于肢体暴露部位,影响外观,适用于修复对外观要求不高、希望尽快返回原工作岗位的劳动者。本研究开展术式的禁忌证如下:(1)皮瓣供区皮肤软组织损伤者。(2)皮瓣穿支纤细、缺如或者损伤者。(3)对供区外观要求高者,特别是年轻女性,建议选择身体隐蔽部位的供区皮瓣。
本研究开展术式的注意事项如下:(1)术前应用高频彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对皮瓣穿支血管及皮神经进行定位及测量,预构皮瓣切取范围及旋转点。(2)术中切取皮瓣时在皮神经深层操作,避免损伤神经周围营养血管,并确保神经被包含在皮瓣及蒂部内。(3)如果穿支距离创面较近,建议设计穿支螺旋桨皮瓣,转位缝合时可用皮瓣小桨覆盖蒂部及部分供区,减少因蒂部皮肤张力过大压迫深层血管导致皮瓣血运障碍。(4)根据创面周围残留神经的长短,计算皮瓣近端预留皮神经长度,保证神经无张力吻合。(5)除带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣外,其余3种皮瓣携带的皮神经走行均靠近皮瓣轴线,设计逆行带蒂岛状皮瓣时可适当缩窄筋膜蒂宽度,减小浅层皮肤缝合张力。(6)术中缝合皮瓣前务必彻底止血,于皮瓣深层放置引流条,避免血肿形成影响皮瓣血运。(7)术后1周内密切观察皮瓣变化,如明显肿胀或出血较多,及时间断拆除部分缝线,清除深层积血、止血。
综上所述,在高频彩色多普勒超声辅助下应用4种皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣修复手部掌侧不同类型创面,皮瓣血供可靠、切取方便,供区继发损伤小,术后皮瓣感觉恢复较好。然而,本研究未引入不吻合神经皮瓣的对照,且没有对此类皮瓣感觉恢复时间、恢复程度进行相应的统计分析,相关结果需进一步研究验证。
王辉:实验设计、手术实施、撰写论文及经费支持;周彤:实施手术;刘玉杰、张一晗:实施手术及采集数据;刘英:技术支持;马铁鹏:技术指导;杨晓溪:分析数据、修改论文所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 -
参考文献
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表1 4种皮神经营养血管带蒂穿支皮瓣修复122例患者手部掌侧创面后末次随访时的功能与外观情况
表1. Appearance and function of 122 patients with wounds on the volar side of hands repaired with four types of perforator flaps pedicled with cutaneous neurotrophic vessels at the last follow-up
皮瓣名称 例数 皮瓣静态两点辨别觉距离(mm) 患者对皮瓣外观的满意度(例) 患者对供瓣区外观的满意度(例) 患手功能(例) 非常满意 满意 非常满意 满意 优 良 可 带前臂内侧皮神经的尺动脉穿支皮瓣 16 10~20 10 6 7 9 7 7 2 带掌背皮神经的掌背动脉穿支皮瓣 20 8~18 13 7 10 10 11 7 2 带前臂外侧皮神经终末支的拇指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣 21 6~11 17 4 13 8 15 6 0 带指神经背侧支的第2~5指指动脉背侧穿支皮瓣 65 5~12 43 22 47 18 39 21 5 -