Abstract: Objective To explore the change in the expression of extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHSP70) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) and their correlation in intestine of rats with severe scald injury, and to observe the effects of eHSP70 on CD3⁺ T lymphocytes in Peyer's patch of intestine in rats with severe scald injury in vitro. Methods (1) Sixty male SD rats were divided into normal control group (NC, n=10, only anesthetized) and scald group (S, n=50) according to the random number table. Rats in scald group were inflicted with 30% total body surface area full-thickness scald on the back. Ten rats from group NC immediately after anesthetization and 10 rats from group S at post injury hour (PIH) 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 were sacrificed to harvest their small intestines. The expressions of eHSP70 and IL-2 were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and their correlation was analyzed. (2) Another 2 male SD rats were inflicted with the same injury as above. At PIH 12, CD3⁺ T lymphocytes in Peyer's patch of small intestine were isolated and cultured with RPMI 1640 nutrient solution containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were divided into blank control group (BC) and 5, 10, 20 μg/mL eHSP70 groups according to the random number table, with 6 wells in each group. Cells in group BC didn't receive any other treatment, while cells in the latter three groups were treated with corresponding mass concentration of recombinant rat eHSP70. After being cultured for 48 hours, the proportions of Th1 and Th2 in CD3⁺ T lymphocytes, and the apoptosis rate of CD3⁺ T lymphocytes were detected with flow cytometer, while the expressions of IL-2 and IL-10 in culture supernatant of cells were determined with ELISA. The cell experiments were repeated for 10 times. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, SNK-q test, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results (1) Compared with those in group NC [(1 278±135) and (48.6±4.9) ng/mg], the levels of eHSP70 [(728±93), (412±31), (314±21), (528±40), (1 028±97) ng/mg] and IL-2 [(38.6±2.3), (32.3±1.0), (25.3±3.6), (33.9±4.1), (44.3±2.6) ng/mg] in intestine of rats in group S obviously decreased at PIH 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 (with q values from 3.48 to 5.32, P values below 0.05), reaching the nadir both at PIH 12, with a significantly positive correlation between the level of IL-2 and the level of eHSP70 (r=0.920, P<0.01). (2) Compared with those in group BC [(8.6±1.1)% and (3.75±0.45)%], the proportion of Th1 obviously increased [(11.3±2.1)%, (15.7±1.8)%, (10.8±1.5)%, with q values from 2.97 to 4.57, P values below 0.05], while the proportion of Th2 obviously decreased [(2.39±0.38)%, (1.05±0.23)%, (2.67±0.26)%, with q values from 2.48 to 4.32, P values below 0.05] in CD3⁺ T lymphocytes of rats in 5, 10, 20 μg/mL eHSP70 groups. Compared with those in group BC [(34.3±2.2)% and (254±16) pg/mL], the apoptosis rate of CD3⁺ T lymphocytes obviously decreased [(26.1±2.6)%, (20.7±1.5)%, (31.5±2.4)%, with q values from 3.47 to 4.95, P values below 0.05], while the level of IL-2 obviously increased [(417±22), (587±19), (307±27) pg/mL, with q values from 3.02 to 4.98, P values below 0.05] in culture supernatant of CD3⁺ T lymphocytes of rats in 5, 10, 20 μg/mL eHSP70 groups. There was no significant difference in the level of IL-10 in culture supernatant of CD3⁺ T lymphocytes of rats among the four groups (F=2.12, P>0.05). Conclusions The expressions of eHSP70 and IL-2 in intestine of rats are decreased after severe scald, with a obviously positive correlation between them. eHSP70 can promote the differentiation of CD3⁺ T lymphocytes in Th1 orientation, decrease the apoptosis rate of the cells, and promote the release of IL-2 of cells in Peyer's patch of intestine in rats with severe scald injury in vitro.