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负压伤口疗法在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用全国专家共识(2021版)

发布日期: 2021-07-08 阅读次数:
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负压伤口疗法在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用全国专家共识(2021版).pdf

1 背景

糖尿病足是糖尿病中晚期的一种严重并发症,是指因下肢远端神经异常、血管病变导致的足部感染、溃疡或深层组织破坏。据国际糖尿病足组织报道:在全球,每年因糖尿病足导致的截肢人数超过100万,每20秒就有1人因糖尿病足而截肢1。据统计,2017年全球糖尿病患者为4.25亿,预计到2045年将增长至6.29亿。《新英格兰医学杂志》发表专家述评指出:19%~34%的糖尿病患者会发展为糖尿病足溃疡,糖尿病足患者截肢后5年病死率超过70%,合并肾脏透析的糖尿病足患者截肢后的2年病死率高达74%2。糖尿病足患者的死亡风险甚至远超许多恶性肿瘤,其较高的致残率和致死率已经成为威胁人们健康的主要杀手,因此,如何预防和治疗糖尿病足成为临床亟须解决的问题。

糖尿病足治疗涉及多个学科,需要系统地综合治疗,包括血糖控制、外科清创、血管再通、减压治疗、支持治疗等,其中控制创面感染、促进组织修复是预防截肢或降低截肢平面的关键34。自从1993年德国Wim Fleischmann首创负压伤口疗法(NPWT)概念并将其用于临床后,NPWT就被公认为具有改善创面引流、增加血流灌注、促进肉芽组织生长等作用。目前,NPWT被广泛用于各种急、慢性创面的治疗,包括糖尿病足溃疡。2016年美国创面愈合协会在糖尿病足溃疡治疗指南中将NPWT作为Ⅰ类证据等级推荐,指出NPWT可通过减少水肿,去除细菌产物、促进肉芽组织生长等途径改善创面愈合,并推荐在其他治疗无效时应考虑使用5。2017年欧洲创面管理协会在报告文件中指出,NPWT可促进肉芽组织增殖、加速创面愈合6。国际糖尿病足工作组在2019年糖尿病足防治国际指南中推荐使用负压治疗以促进溃疡的愈合1

NPWT作为糖尿病足创面治疗的重要辅助治疗技术,其在创面的应用需要规范化的管理,包括在糖尿病足创面的应用条件、参数调整及效果评估等。2004年图森专家共识会议(Tucson expert consensus conference)首次制订了NPWT在糖尿病足溃疡方面的应用指南7。Andros等8在2006年进行更新修订,对NPWT在糖尿病足创面的临床应用提出了指导性的建议。近年来,NPWT发展迅速,在基础研究和临床应用方面均取得了许多进展,特别是在临床实践方面取得了较多新的研究证据,使得我们对NPWT的认识也不断提高。基于上述原因,以循证医学证据为基础,结合最新的临床研究进展,中国海峡两岸医药卫生交流协会烧创伤暨组织修复专委会组织烧伤科、骨科、血管外科、内分泌科、创面修复科等从事糖尿病足治疗的专家共同讨论和编写了《负压伤口疗法在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用全国专家共识(2021版)》,针对NPWT在糖尿病足治疗中的应用管理及预后评估等提出最佳的临床实践治疗方案,旨在形成规范化的治疗方案,供临床医师应用参考,促进糖尿病足临床诊疗水平的提高。

2 方法
2.1 数据检索

查找NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中应用的高质量文献,检索关键词:vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)、vacuum assisted closure(VAC)、vacuum-assisted therapy、negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)、topical negative pressure (TNP)therapy、suction wound closure therapy (SWCT)、diabetic foot、diabetic ulcer、diabetic wound;数据库:《PubMed》《Embase》《Cochrane Library databases》;检索时间为从建库开始至2020年7月1日;相关引用文献辅助手工检索,搜索限定为人类疾病相关;文献类型为荟萃分析(meta-analyses)、系统评价(systematic reviews)、随机对照试验(RCT)、回顾性系统研究(retrospective series reviews)、临床病例系统研究(clinical case series reviews)、专家意见(expert panel recommendations)。

2.2 证据分级标准和推荐强度

参考2001年牛津证据分级与推荐意见强度,本共识证据分级与推荐强度见表 1。根据德尔菲调查研究方法,每条证据均需专家组成员独立评估,最终经多次反复评估获得一致的推荐意见。

表1

证据分级标准及其对应推荐强度分类

3 推荐
3.1 NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的管理应用
3.1.1 NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用概述

糖尿病足创面的治疗需要多个学科的协同参与1011,其治疗目标不是单一地避免溃疡感染扩散或者降低截肢平面,而是综合性的,包括预防全身动脉粥样硬化性疾病的发生,延缓糖尿病相关并发症进展,预防心、脑血管事件的发生及降低糖尿病足患者病死率等12。目前,NPWT已成为糖尿病足创面治疗中的一项重要辅助治疗技术13141516171819202122232425。多个临床随机对照研究证实,与传统糖尿病足创面治疗方式相比较,NPWT可明显提高创面愈合率、缩短创面愈合时间、降低截肢率26272829303132333435363738,已被美国创面愈合协会和欧洲创面管理协会推荐应用394041

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为强,证据等级为强):NPWT在增加创面局部血流灌注、促进肉芽组织增生、加速创面愈合等方面具有良好作用,推荐在糖尿病足创面治疗中应用。

3.1.2 NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用条件

NPWT主要作用机制来自其形成的“封闭”环境和“负压引流”作用,基于NPWT使用的适应证和禁忌证,结合糖尿病足的发生、发展机制,NPWT在糖尿病足创面的应用需要具备一定的条件。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为中):NPWT的应用条件为(1)创面坏死组织清除、创面感染得到控制,即糖尿病足创面经过清创术后,坏死组织基本清除、创面感染基本控制,特别是筋膜间隔、组织间隙等隐蔽感染已得到控制4243444546474849;(2)创面出血风险得到控制,即清创术后彻底止血,创面无活动性出血、无暴露的血管损伤75051,同时无严重的凝血功能障碍或其他潜在出血风险,国际标准化比值>2.0且<3.0;(3)创面缺血风险得到控制,即肢体远端血流灌注良好或经球囊扩张>40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或踝肱指数>0.9且<1.3或趾肱指数≥0.652535455565758

3.1.3 NPWT系统参数设定

NPWT的模式可分为持续、间歇和可变负压3种。持续负压模式是负压维持在一个稳定水平,是目前临床最常用的模式。间歇和可变负压模式是近年来使用的新模式,负压在所设定的时间间隔内循环启停,在部分可移动式负压机器中可实现。近年来,许多研究表明间歇负压和可变负压模式较持续负压模式更有利于促进局部血液循环及肉芽组织生长。间歇负压模式一般设定为维持负压5 min、暂停2 min,如此循环,但其启停时易引起组织变形导致创面疼痛。可变负压模式是在设定的压力范围内产生规律性的循环波动负压,其最小负压值不会降到0,而仍有一定程度的负压(如-10 mmHg),一定程度上降低了组织变形引起的创面疼痛,更容易被患者接受。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为中):单纯神经病变性溃疡,无明显血管病变时,负压参数设定可参考其他常见创面,压力设定推荐介于-125~-80 mmHg之间5960。血管病变性溃疡或者神经、血管混合病变性溃疡,考虑其血管狭窄或闭塞,负压系统压力设定推荐介于-80~-60 mmHg61。关于负压模式,本共识建议在术后48 h内选择持续负压模式,随后使用间歇负压模式(负压吸引5 min,暂停2 min)或可变负压模式(压力介于-80~-10 mmHg)。

注意负压值应根据患者个体情况和创面大小进行调节62636465:(1) 当创面较大或复杂难以严密封闭时,可适当增加负压值;(2) 行皮肤移植或真皮支架移植术后,选择持续负压模式吸引5~7 d;(3) 对凝血功能障碍或长期使用抗凝药存在潜在出血风险的患者应适当调低负压值;(4)采用间歇负压模式可能会引起创面疼痛,可根据患者的耐受程度选择可变负压或持续负压模式。

3.1.4 NPWT治疗糖尿病足创面的效果评估和处理

糖尿病足创面的外科清创通常采用有限、分次清创的蚕食清创原则。足部软组织丰富、筋膜间隔较多,经多次清创手术后创面依然可能残留坏死组织,尤其是隐蔽感染灶无法彻底清除,存在感染发生或扩散的风险66。此外,缺血性创面虽经血管再通、血运重建,但依然有短时间内血管再闭、创面缺血的风险。同时,对于部分需长期服用抗凝药物的患者,负压装置可能会加重创面出血的风险67

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为中):在应用NPWT装置时,推荐每天进行仔细评估,包括观察创面红肿、疼痛情况,创周皮肤颜色、皮温改变情况,以及创面引流液的性状、颜色、气味和引流量等,并结合血液检验、影像学检查及全身情况等指标,评估创面的感染、缺血、出血情况68697071。如创面感染没有得到控制,或组织缺血坏死进一步加重,或创面出现活动性出血时,需及时去除负压材料,并重新评估创面情况,待创面感染得到控制、组织缺血改善、出血风险消除后方可继续应用负压装置72;如创面疼痛加重或水肿加重,在排除创面感染、组织缺血及全身情况所致后,可降低或暂停负压,或更换负压治疗模式并密切观察,必要时可拆除负压装置73

负压装置应用1次或2次后,需要对其应用效果进行全面评估,其效果评价和推荐处理措施如下74757677。(1)显效:创面新生肉芽组织生长或创面缩小、创周出现上皮化,推荐继续应用;(2)有效:创面感染或组织缺血得到改善,创面红润、血流灌注良好,推荐可继续应用1次或2次,并进一步评估其效果;(3)无效:创面感染或组织缺血未得到改善,出现感染加重或组织坏死,建议停用,待血管再通、创面感染控制后进行重新评估。

3.1.5 NPWT泡沫材料更换时间

目前常用的负压泡沫材料可分为2类:聚乙烯醇材料和聚氨酯材料,前者亲水性较好,结构较致密、孔径较小(100~300 μm),在创面渗出液体较少时,容易变硬堵管,甚至卡压创面、引起组织缺血,因此要随时观察、及时更换;后者呈疏水性、孔径较大(500~650 μm),不易变硬,但肉芽组织易于长入,应用时间亦不宜过长,否则肉芽组织会长入泡沫多孔状结构中,去除材料时将对创面产生损伤并造成不必要的失血78

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为弱,证据等级为弱):糖尿病足清创术后NPWT泡沫材料更换时间需根据评估情况来确定79808182。如无感染、活动性出血或组织缺血,推荐3~5 d进行更换,最长不宜超过7 d;糖尿病足创面植皮术后,NPWT材料更换时间可适当延长,推荐为5~7 d。

3.1.6 NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用的常见并发症与处理

NPWT在糖尿病足创面应用前需要充分掌握其应用条件,在应用过程中需要持续进行评估,根据创面情况及时停止使用负压装置或及时更换负压泡沫材料838485。相比于传统的治疗技术,NPWT并没有明显增加并发症,对可能出现的并发症及其推荐处理措施如下。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为弱):(1)出现创面出血或感染加重时,需立即停用NPWT、拆除负压装置,经彻底止血或清创换药控制感染后进行重新评估86;(2)出现组织缺血加重或坏死时,需立即停用NPWT、拆除负压装置,待组织缺血、血流灌注改善后进行重新评估87;(3)创周出现皮肤湿疹或正常皮肤贴膜处出现张力性水疱等最常见的并发症时,可通过贴膜保护创面周围皮肤、降低负压值,贴膜时尽可能减少皮肤牵拉等以预防并发症88;(4)如有肉芽组织长入泡沫材料,则负压装置留置时间不应过长,需定期进行更换。在拆除负压材料时,尽可能彻底去除泡沫材料,以避免其成为异物引起继发感染89;(5)创面疼痛加重或水肿加重时,排除创面感染、组织缺血及全身情况等影响后,可暂停负压或更换负压治疗模式进行观察,必要时拆除负压装置90

3.1.7 NPWT的经济学评价

许多研究对NPWT的经济效益进行了评价。多数研究结果显示,相对于常规治疗,采用NPWT减少了换药次数、降低了医疗物资及人力资源的消耗,治疗费用和医疗成本耗费更低,综合效价比更高919293949596979899100101102103104105

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为中):鉴于将NPWT用于治疗糖尿病足创面可以减少医疗物资及人力资源消耗,具有较好的经济效益,推荐在糖尿病足创面使用NPWT。

3.1.8 改良NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用

近年来,许多改良NPWT被用于糖尿病足创面的治疗,包括灌注-冲洗负压64106107108109110111112113114、局部给氧负压115等,初步研究表明其在预防和控制创面感染、促进创面清创等方面较传统NPWT具有一定优势107116117118,但目前高质量的研究证据不多,尚需进行大规模的多中心临床验证。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为弱,证据等级为弱):灌注-冲洗负压、局部给氧负压等改良新型负压装置在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用尚缺乏足够的证据支持,不推荐常规用于治疗糖尿病足创面。

3.2 NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的具体应用
3.2.1 合并软组织感染创面

糖尿病足创面常常伴发感染,严重者会发展为广泛的蜂窝织炎、骨髓炎,甚至坏死性筋膜炎,从而威胁生命,对严重感染者需要综合评估患者整体情况,必要时行截肢手术119120121。对保肢患者,创面需要进行多次清创手术,待坏死组织基本清除、感染基本控制后,再进一步行血管再通等治疗,改善远端组织缺血以确保创面血流灌注充足122123124125,在此基础上可应用NPWT。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为弱):对于合并软组织感染创面,在创面感染得到控制前,不建议常规应用NPWT,在坏死组织基本清除、创面感染得到控制后,可应用NPWT,在治疗过程中需要持续进行评估,根据临床实际情况停止负压治疗或定期更换负压泡沫材料继续负压治疗126127128

3.2.2 合并骨质、肌腱外露创面

对于合并骨质、肌腱外露的糖尿病足创面,优先推荐采用皮瓣移植修复,如机体条件不足或皮瓣移植手术存在较大风险、患者要求保守换药或植皮手术治疗时,可采用NPWT进行辅助治疗,以改善创基条件或培育肉芽组织,为皮瓣转移或植皮创造条件。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为弱,证据等级为弱):对合并骨质、肌腱外露创面,下列3种情况可采用NPWT治疗:(1)创基条件不良,尚需继续清创、换药处理以改善创基条件129130131;(2)血管狭窄、血运不良或皮瓣移植存在较大风险132;(3)小面积骨质、肌腱外露[196,133

3.2.3 合并骨髓炎创面

糖尿病足创面感染如未得到及时合理处置,常常会侵袭骨质发展为骨髓炎,不仅增加感染控制的难度,也增加截肢/趾的风险,因此针对存在深部软组织感染、骨突出部位溃疡或创面反复破溃不愈时,应考虑骨髓炎可能。如明确诊断或高度怀疑为骨髓炎,则需慎用NPWT。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为弱):对合并骨髓炎的创面,需彻底清创、清除死骨,并辅以2~4周系统性抗生素治疗,待感染有效控制后方可应用NPWT134135136,应用过程中需持续进行评估,密切观察创面局部感染情况,根据评估情况及时停用NPWT或更换负压泡沫材料137138139;对无法有效控制的骨髓炎感染,慎用NPWT [140141

3.2.4 皮肤移植或皮瓣转移术后

研究表明,无论是网状皮片移植还是自体邮票状小皮片移植,使用恒定的负压进行持续吸引,可有效提高皮片的成活率、缩短创面愈合时间142143144145

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为弱):皮肤行移植术后,推荐采用持续负压吸引模式,压力设置介于-100~-80 mmHg,根据创面渗出情况,推荐使用时间为5~7 d146147148;皮瓣转移术后,不推荐常规应用NPWT,部分皮瓣转移手术如交腿皮瓣、腹部包埋皮瓣等延迟皮瓣需要较长时间断蒂时,可考虑行NPWT保护创面、引流渗液,但需注意应用时避免压迫皮瓣蒂部,可选择持续吸引48 h,随后改为间歇负压吸引模式149150:5 min负压吸引,2 min暂停,压力设置介于-80~-60 mmHg,或可变负压模式:压力设置介于-80~-10 mmHg。根据创面渗出情况,推荐使用时间为3~5 d。

3.2.5 真皮替代物移植创面

研究证实NPWT可以有效促进真皮替代物的血管化,同时由于其引流效果良好,避免了真皮替代物下积液,加之其降低了换药频率,减少了创面外露感染的可能,可提高真皮替代物的移植成功率,为后期皮肤移植提供良好的受皮条件151152153154

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为弱):推荐真皮替代物移植术后应用负压装置,采用持续负压吸引模式,压力设置介于-100~-80 mmHg155156,根据创面渗出情况,推荐应用时间为5~7 d。

3.2.6 截肢/趾术后伤口
3.2.6.1 截肢/趾术后Ⅰ期缝合伤口

负压装置可通过其良好的引流作用减少残端内渗液积聚,同时负压装置的固定作用有助于截肢/趾残端组织的稳定,促进组织重塑、伤口闭合。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为中,证据等级为弱):针对截肢/趾术后Ⅰ期缝合伤口,推荐应用负压装置157158159。建议选择持续负压吸引模式,压力设置介于-80~-60 mmHg,根据创面渗出情况,推荐应用时间为5~7 d。

3.2.6.2 截肢/趾术后残端创面

部分截肢/趾术后因为创面条件不足不能进行Ⅰ期缝合,或部分截肢/趾术后虽进行Ⅰ期缝合,但因为残端缺血或感染等原因出现伤口不愈,针对上述情况,可根据临床实际情况应用NPWT进行辅助治疗。

专家推荐意见(推荐强度为强,证据等级为强):对于截肢术后残端创面,在缺血、出血风险控制和坏死组织基本清除干净、感染控制后,推荐应用负压装置,可促进创面肉芽组织增生、组织修复160161。建议选择间歇负压吸引模式:负压吸引5 min,暂停2 min,压力设置介于-80~-60 mmHg,或可变负压模式,压力设置介于-80~-10 mmHg。根据创面渗出情况,推荐应用时间为3~5 d。

4 结语

糖尿病足的创面治疗需要多学科合作、综合治疗。NPWT是糖尿病足创面治疗的重要辅助技术,规范的管理应用可以达到改善创面引流、增强血流灌注、促进创面愈合的目的。鉴于其应用后潜在的风险,我们通过文献系统评价的方式拟定本共识建议,旨在为NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用形成规范化的治疗方案。但需要指出,本共识部分证据等级不高,尚需更多的高质量临床随机对照研究进一步明确NPWT在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用方式和效果。

《负压伤口疗法在糖尿病足创面治疗中的应用全国专家共识(2021 版)》编写组

专家组成员(单位名称以拼音排序、姓名以姓氏笔画排序):北京大学第一医院温冰,北京大学人民医院徐海林,北京世纪坛医院王江宁,北京中医药大学东直门医院鞠上,东部战区空军医院王爱萍,福建医科大学附属协和医院陈昭宏,广州市正骨医院洪劲松,哈尔滨市第五医院李宗瑜,海军军医大学叶小飞,海军军医大学第一附属医院王光毅、包俊敏、肖仕初、袁良喜、徐茂锦,江南大学附属医院(无锡市第三人民医院)吕国忠,江苏南通大学附属医院张逸,解放军战略支援部队特色医学中心姜玉峰,解放军总医院第四医学中心郝岱峰,空军军医大学第一附属医院胡大海,陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院罗高兴,宁波市第六医院王欣,上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院刘琰,上海市第六人民医院施忠民,深圳大学第一附属医院吴军,四川大学华西医院冉兴无,浙江大学医学院附属第二医院韩春茂,浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院李宏烨,《中华烧伤杂志》梁光萍,中南大学湘雅医院唐举玉

执笔:纪世召、刘晓彬、肖仕初、黄洁(海军军医大学第一附属医院)

利益冲突

所有编写组成员均声明不存在利益冲突

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发布日期: 2021-07-08 阅读次数: