Influence of the stiffness of three-dimensionally bioprinted extracellular matrix analogue on the differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells into skin appendage cells
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摘要: 目的 观察生物三维打印类细胞外基质(ECM)硬度对骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)向皮肤附属器细胞分化的影响。 方法 (1)分别将1 g海藻酸钠和4 g明胶、3 g海藻酸钠和8 g明胶混匀,混合物分别溶于100 mL超纯水中,配制2种海藻酸钠-明胶复合水凝胶,分别命名为1A4G水凝胶、3A8G水凝胶,用于后续实验。观察2种水凝胶室温下、4 ℃冷凝15~30 min(冷凝条件下同)后、冷凝且用25 g/L氯化钙溶液交联(交联条件下同)后、冷凝后且用生物三维打印机(三维打印仪器下同)进行三维打印且交联后形态。取2种水凝胶冷凝并交联后,采用杨氏模量测定仪检测杨氏模量(硬度),样本数为3。取2种水凝胶交联并冷冻干燥,用扫描电子显微镜观察其孔隙结构。取2种水凝胶交联并冷冻干燥,用无水乙醇置换法检测孔隙率,样本数为3。(2)从20只1周龄雌雄不限C57BL/6小鼠股骨和胫骨中分离培养BMSC,取第2代细胞进行实验。分别将1.0×107个/mL的BMSC单细胞悬液与1A4G水凝胶、3A8G水凝胶以1∶9的体积比充分混匀,制备载BMSC的1A4G水凝胶、载BMSC的3A8G水凝胶,进行三维打印,1 mL载细胞水凝胶(打印用量下同)打印1块,交联后加入间充质干细胞(MSC)专用培养基培养。根据水凝胶不同,将打印块分为1A4G组和3A8G组。取2组打印块各1块,培养7 d,采用细胞活/死试剂盒计数50倍视野下活、死细胞。取2组打印块各9块,另将9孔用2 mL MSC专用培养基培养的每孔1.0×106个BMSC设为二维培养组。分别于培养1、3、5 d,1A4G组与3A8G组各取3块打印块、二维培养组取3孔细胞,用细胞计数试剂盒8法检测培养液中吸光度值,以此表示细胞增殖活性。(3)同实验(2)制备载BMSC的1A4G水凝胶、载BMSC的3A8G水凝胶各10 mL,分别加入从10只新生1 d雌雄不明C57BL/6小鼠提取的足趾垫匀浆液各0.5 mL混匀进行三维打印及交联,加入MSC专用培养基培养3 d,更换为汗腺专用培养基培养。根据水凝胶不同,将打印块分为1A4G组和3A8G组。汗腺专用培养基培养7 d,采用免疫荧光法检测2组打印块中细胞的上皮细胞表面标志物细胞角蛋白5(CK5)和CK14、汗腺细胞表面标志物CK18和钠钾ATP酶(NKA)、毛囊细胞表面标志物CK17和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)蛋白表达,实时荧光定量反转录PCR法检测2组打印块中细胞的CK5、CK14、CK18、NKA(检测ATP1a1转录本)、CK17、ALP mRNA表达(样本数为3)。对数据行独立样本
t 检验、Fisher确切概率法检验、析因设计方差分析及Bonferroni法。 结果 (1)与3A8G水凝胶比较,1A4G水凝胶室温下黏度稍低、流动性稍好。2种水凝胶冷凝后均呈凝胶状,在此基础上,交联后形状均匀规则,经三维打印且交联后为固态的纵横交错的圆柱块。1A4G水凝胶杨氏模量为(52±6)kPa,明显低于3A8G水凝胶的(218±5)kPa(t =40.470,P <0.01)。2种水凝胶孔隙结构相似,横断面均呈多孔网状结构;2种水凝胶的孔隙率相近(t =0.930,P >0.05)。(2)培养7 d,1A4G组和3A8G组打印块中活、死细胞分布相近(P >0.05),绝大部分为活细胞。培养1、3、5 d,1A4G组和3A8G组打印块及二维培养组培养液中吸光度值两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05)。与组内培养1 d比较,1A4G组、3A8G组打印块培养3、5 d培养液中吸光度值均明显升高(P <0.05或P <0.01),二维培养组细胞培养5 d培养液中吸光度值明显升高(P <0.01);与组内培养3 d比较,1A4G组、3A8G组打印块及二维培养组细胞培养5 d培养液中吸光度值均明显升高(P <0.01)。(3)汗腺专用培养基培养7 d,2组打印块中细胞均可见CK5、CK14、CK18、NKA、CK17、ALP蛋白表达。汗腺专用培养基培养7 d,2组打印块中细胞的CK5、CK14、CK18、NKA mRNA表达量相近(t =0.362、0.807、0.223、1.356,P >0.05);3A8G组打印块中细胞的CK17、ALP mRNA表达量分别为1.96±0.21、55.57±11.49,均明显高于1A4G组的1.05±0.42、2.01±0.27(t =3.333、8.074,P <0.05或P <0.01)。 结论 1A4G水凝胶和3A8G水凝胶三维培养的BMSC均有向汗腺细胞分化的趋势,但3A8G水凝胶三维培养的BMSC向毛囊细胞分化的趋势比1A4G水凝胶明显。提示相对高的生物三维打印类ECM硬度,不仅有利于BMSC向汗腺细胞分化,还有利于其向毛囊细胞分化。Abstract: Objective To observe the influence of the stiffness of three-dimensionally bioprinted extracellular matrix analogue on the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into skin appendage cells. Methods (1) Sodium alginate of 1 g and 4 g gelatin, 3 g sodium alginate and 8 g gelatin were mixed respectively, and the two mixtures were dissolved in 100 mL ultra-pure water respectively to prepare two sodium alginate-gelatin composite hydrogels, named 1A4G hydrogel and 3A8G hydrogel, which were used in the subsequent experiments. The morphology of the two hydrogels at room temperature, after condensation for 15-30 min at 4 ℃ (the same condensation condition below), after condensation and cross-linking with 25 g/L calcium chloride solution (the same cross-linking condition below), and after condensation and three-dimensional printing with a three-dimensional bioprinter (the same three-dimensional printer below) and cross-linking were observed respectively. Young′s modulus (stiffness) of the two kinds of hydrogels was measured by Young′s modulus tester after condensation and cross-linking (n =3). Two kinds of hydrogels were cross-linked and freeze-dried, and their pore structure was observed by scanning electron microscope. Two hydrogels were cross-linked and freeze-dried, and the porosity was detected by anhydrous ethanol replacement method (n =3). (2) BMSCs were isolated from femur and tibia of 20 C57BL/6 mice (no limitation with sex, born 7 days) and cultured, and the second passage of cells was used for further test. The BMSCs single cell suspension (1.0×107 /mL) was mixed with 1A4G hydrogel and 3A8G hydrogel respectively at 1∶9 volume ratio to prepare BMSCs-loaded 1A4G hydrogel and BMSCs-loaded 3A8G hydrogel for three-dimensional printing. One construct was printed with 1 mL cell-loaded hydrogel (the same dosage for printing below). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) specific medium was added after cross-linking, and the printed constructs were divided into 1A4G group and 3A8G group according to the hydrogel. One construct of each group cultured for 7 days was tested with live/dead kit to count the live cells and dead cells in 50-fold field of view. Nine printed constructs from each of the two groups were taken, and BMSCs of nine wells (1.0×106 per well) cultured with 2 mL MSCs specific medium were set as two-dimensional culture group. After 1, 3, 5 day (s) of culture, three printed constructs from 1A4G group and 3A8G group respectively and three wells of cells from two-dimensional culture group were taken to detect the absorbance value in culture medium by cell counting kit 8, denoting the cell proliferation activity. (3) BMSCs-loaded 1A4G hydrogel and BMSCs-loaded 3A8G hydrogel of 10 mL respectively were prepared as in experiment (2), which were respectively mixed with 0.5 mL plantar dermis homogenate extracted from 10 C57BL/6 mice of 1 day postnatal with unknown sex, then three-dimensionally printed, cross-linked, cultured with MSCs specific medium for 3 days and then changed to sweat gland specific medium. The printed constructs were divided into 1A4G group and 3A8G group according to their hydrogel. After 7 days of culture with sweat gland specific medium, the expressions of epithelial cell surface markers cytokeratin-5 (CK5) and CK14, sweat gland cell surface markers CK18 and Na+ /K+ -ATPase (NKA), and hair follicle cell surface markers CK17 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at protein level in cells of printed constructs in the two groups were detected by immunofluorescence method. The expressions of CK5, CK14, CK18, NKA (detecting ATP1a1), CK17, and ALP at mRNA level in cells of printed constructs in the two groups were detected with real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (n =3). Data were statistically analyzed with independent samplet test, Fisher′s exact probability test, analysis of variance for factorial design, and Bonferroni method. Results (1) Compared with that of 3A8G hydrogel, 1A4G hydrogel had lower viscosity and better fluidity at room temperature. Both kinds of hydrogels were gel-like after condensation, based on which, the shape of cross-linked hydrogels was uniform and regular, with three-dimensional printing and cross-linking made hrdrogels forming solid crisscross cylindrical constructs. The Young′s modulus of 1A4G hydrogel was (52±6) kPa, which was obviously lower than (218±5) kPa of 3A8G hydrogel (t =40.470,P <0.01). The pore structure of the two hydrogels was similar, with all the cross-sections showing porous network structure. The porosity of the two hydrogels was similar (t =0.930,P >0.05). (2) The distribution of live/dead cells between 1A4G group and 3A8G group was similar after 7 days of culture (P >0.05), most of which were live cells. The absorbance value in culture medium of printed constructs among 1A4G group, 3A8G group, and two-dimensional culture group didn′t show statistically significant differences after 1, 3, 5 day (s) of culture (P >0.05). Compared with that after 1 day of culture within each group, the absorbance value in culture medium of printed constructs in 1A4G group and 3A8G group was significantly increased after 3 and 5 days of culture (P <0.05 orP <0.01), and the absorbance value in culture medium of cells in two-dimensional culture group was significantly increased after 5 days of culture (P <0.01). Compared with that after 3 days of culture within each group, the absorbance value in culture medium of printed constructs in 1A4G group and 3A8G group and that of cells in two-dimensional culture group was significantly increased after 5 days of culture (P <0.01). (3) After 7 days of culture with sweat gland specific medium, the CK5, CK14, CK18, NKA, CK17, and ALP were positively expressed at protein level in cells of printed constructs in the two groups. After 7 days of culture with sweat gland specific medium, the expressions of CK5, CK14, CK18, and NKA at mRNA level in cells of printed constructs were close between the two groups (t =0.362, 0.807, 0.223, 1.356,P >0.05); the expressions of CK17 and ALP at mRNA level in cells of printed constructs in 3A8G group were 1.96±0.21 and 55.57±11.49, respectively, which were significantly higher than 1.05±0.42 and 2.01±0.27 in 1A4G group (t =3.333, 8.074,P <0.05 orP <0.01). Conclusions BMSCs cultured three-dimensionally in 1A4G and 3A8G hydrogels tend to differentiate into sweat gland cells, but the BMSCs cultured three-dimensionally in 3A8G hydrogel show a stronger tendency to differentiate into hair follicle cells than the cells cultured in 1A4G hydrogel. It suggests that relatively high stiffness of three-dimensionally bioprinted extracellular matrix analogue facilitates not only differentiation of BMSCs into sweat gland cells, but also their differentiation into hair follicle cells.
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