Establishment and validation of a risk prediction model for pulmonary embolism in severe burn patients
-
摘要:
目的 筛选严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞的危险因素,据此构建风险预测模型并进行验证。 方法 该研究为回顾性病例系列研究。收集2020年3月—2023年3月武汉市第三医院烧伤科收治的符合入选标准的267例严重烧伤患者的临床资料,其中男159例、女108例,年龄18~82岁。根据是否并发肺动脉栓塞将患者分为肺动脉栓塞组(26例)与非肺动脉栓塞组(241例),收集并比较2组患者性别、年龄、体重指数、治疗期间卧床时间、烧伤原因、入院时白蛋白水平、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)情况、合并糖尿病情况、合并高血压情况、合并吸入性损伤情况和入院时简明烧伤严重指数(ABSI)评分。对组间比较差异有统计学意义的指标进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,筛选267例严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞的独立危险因素,并据此构建列线图预测模型。通过受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线评估预测模型的性能,采用校准曲线和临床决策曲线分析法对预测模型进行验证。 结果 肺动脉栓塞组患者中>60岁、治疗期间卧床时间>7 d、合并COPD、合并糖尿病患者比例(χ2值分别为7.75、29.15、29.86、5.94),入院时ABSI评分(t=6.01)均明显高于非肺动脉栓塞组(P<0.05)。2组患者其余资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄、治疗期间卧床时间、合并COPD、合并糖尿病、入院时ABSI评分均为严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞的危险因素(比值比分别为3.40、14.87、17.78、2.80、1.88,95%置信区间分别为1.38~8.39、4.34~50.98、4.63~68.22、1.19~6.58、1.47~2.41,P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,治疗期间卧床时间>7 d、合并COPD、入院时ABSI评分高均为严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞的独立危险因素(比值比分别为11.02、30.82、1.86,95%置信区间分别为2.76~43.98、3.55~267.33、1.38~2.50,P<0.05)。根据前述3个独立危险因素构建严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞风险列线图预测模型。预测模型的ROC曲线显示,ROC曲线下面积为0.91(95%置信区间为0.82~0.99),取最佳阈值25%时,预测模型的敏感度为84.6%、特异度为93.4%;校准曲线显示,预测模型校准曲线在理想曲线附近,Cox回归的一致性指数为0.80(95%置信区间为0.74~0.87);临床决策曲线显示,该模型的阈值概率范围为1%~98%,其净收益率>0。 结论 严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞的独立危险因素包括治疗期间卧床时间>7 d、合并COPD、入院时ABSI评分高,据此构建的列线图预测模型对严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞具有较佳的预测价值。 Abstract:Objective To screen the risk factors for pulmonary embolism in severe burn patients, based on which, a risk prediction model was established and validated. Methods This study was a retrospective case series study. The clinical data of 267 severe burn patients who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the Department of Burns of Wuhan Third Hospital from March 2020 to March 2023 were collected, including 159 males and 108 females, aged 18-82 years. The patients were divided into pulmonary embolism group (26 cases) and non-pulmonary embolism group (241 cases) according to whether they were complicated with pulmonary embolism. The following data of patients in the 2 groups were collected and compared, including gender, age, body mass index, bedtime during treatment, cause of burn, albumin level on admission, combination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), combination of diabetes mellitus, combination of hypertension, combination of inhalation injury, and the abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI) on admission. The indicators with statistically significant differences between the two groups were conducted with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify the independent risk factors for pulmonary embolism in 267 severe burn patients. Based on these findings, a nomogram prediction model was established. The performance of the prediction model was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, while its validation was conducted through calibration curve and clinical decision curve analysis. Results The proportions of beyond 60 years old, bedtime over 7 days during treatment, combination of COPD, and combination of diabetes mellitus (with χ2 values of 7.75, 29.15, 29.86, and 5.94, respectively), and ABSI score on admission (t=6.01) of patients in pulmonary embolism group were significantly higher than those in non-pulmonary embolism group (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the other indicators between the two groups of patients (P>0.05). The univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, bedtime during treatment, combination of COPD, combination of diabetes mellitus, and ABSI score on admission were the risk factors for pulmonary embolism in severe burn patients (with odds ratios of 3.40, 14.87, 17.78, 2.80, and 1.88, respectively, 95% confidence intervals of 1.38-8.39, 4.34-50.98, 4.63-68.22, 1.19-6.58, and 1.47-2.41, respectively, P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that bedtime over 7 days during treatment, combination of COPD, and high ABSI score on admission were the independent risk factors for pulmonary embolism in severe burn patients (with odds ratios of 11.02, 30.82, and 1.86, respectively, 95% confidence intervals of 2.76-43.98, 3.55-267.33, and 1.38-2.50, respectively, P<0.05). Based on the three aforementioned independent risk factors, a nomogram prediction model for the risk of pulmonary embolism in severe burn patients was established. The ROC curve of prediction model showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.91 (with 95% confidence interval of 0.82-0.99). When the optimal cut-off value of 25% was taken, the sensitivity and specificity of prediction model was 84.6% and 93.4%, respectively. The calibration curve showed that the calibration curve of prediction model was around the ideal curve, with a consistency index of 0.80 in Cox regression (with 95% confidence interval of 0.74-0.87). The clinical decision curve showed that the threshold probability value of the prediction model was in the range of 1% to 98%, with net return rate over 0. Conclusions The independent risk factors for pulmonary embolism in severe burn patients include bedtime over 7 days during treatment, combination of COPD, and high ABSI score on admission. The nomogram prediction model established based on this has good predictive value for complicated pulmonary embolism in severe burn patients. -
Key words:
- Burns /
- Risk factors /
- Nomograms /
- Pulmonary embolism
-
颌面部软组织感染、颌骨骨髓炎、颌面部软组织或骨肿瘤术后放射治疗,以及其他部位肿瘤骨转移后静脉输注唑来膦酸注射液导致颌骨坏死伴感染等原因均容易造成面部皮肤软组织感染、破溃,形成窦道,尤其是与口腔、鼻腔等相通者,更容易形成颇为复杂的窦道,且往往具有结构复杂、迁延不愈等特点,治疗难度大。大网膜具有丰富的血管网以及淋巴循环,具有很好的抗感染、抗肿瘤的能力。大网膜切取时比较容易保留较长的血管蒂,且血管管径通常比较恒定,便于与受区血管进行吻合。据报道,男性大网膜长度为(28.26±5.05)cm、宽度为(35.59±5.20)cm,女性大网膜长度为(30.34±4.68)cm、宽度为(38.17±5.60)cm,具有很强的可塑性,在软组织缺损填充修复的应用中发挥着重要作用[1, 2]。空军军医大学第二附属医院整形烧伤科于2017年7月—2019年12月收治4例颌面部感染合并复杂窦道患者,采用大网膜游离移植技术进行填充治疗,效果良好。
1. 对象与方法
本回顾性观察性研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的基本原则。
1.1 入选标准
纳入标准:性别、年龄不限,颌面部感染合并复杂窦道并采用自体大网膜游离移植,无腹腔手术史。排除标准:自动出院或放弃治疗者。
1.2 临床资料
患者中女1例、男3例,年龄36~60岁。颌骨骨髓炎所致感染合并窦道形成3例,其中上颌骨骨髓炎2例(1例为上颌骨黏液瘤侵犯上颌骨伴感染,1例为腮腺恶性肿瘤术后放射治疗致上颌骨骨髓炎),下颌骨骨髓炎1例,脑膜瘤术后眼鼻瘘伴颌面部感染合并复杂窦道形成1例。4例患者均无腹腔手术史。
1.3 治疗方法
1.3.1 术前准备
术前完善各项常规检查,并对颌面部进行CT三维重建,使用Mimics19.0软件(比利时Materialise公司)计算窦道体积,预估需切除组织大致为5 cm×3 cm×2 cm~10 cm×5 cm×3 cm,根据切除后组织缺损计算出所需大网膜的量[3, 4]。所有患者术前行颈部血管彩色多普勒超声检查以及颈部CT血管造影(CTA)判断血管走行质量,术前检查不能明确血管质量的则术中探查进行判断[5, 6, 7]。腹部CT检查排除腹腔内其他疾病以及大网膜切取的手术禁忌证等。
1.3.2 术前创面细菌培养及抗感染治疗
1例脑膜瘤术后眼鼻瘘伴颌面部感染患者入院后行左眼眶分泌物细菌培养,结果为大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌感染,且均为多重耐药菌,根据药物敏感试验结果选取美罗培南行抗感染治疗。1例腮腺恶性肿瘤术后上颌骨骨髓炎患者创面分泌物细菌培养结果为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),给予万古霉素抗感染治疗。另外2例患者入院后创面分泌物细菌培养结果为金黄色葡萄球菌,根据药物敏感试验结果给予头孢唑林抗感染治疗。
1.3.3 手术方法
患者入院后常规换药,使创面处于相对清洁状态。排除麻醉及手术禁忌证,取仰卧位行全身麻醉及气管插管。手术医师分为2组同时进行手术,一组由空军军医大学第二附属医院普通外科医师经腹腔镜下切取大网膜。解剖游离胃网膜右动脉并标记,将外膜剥离,预留2~5 cm血管蒂,避免热切割,备吻合使用。根据术前预估所需大网膜量,沿横结肠进行游离,术中保护好胃网膜右动脉、动脉弓、垂直动脉等血管,保证以胃网膜右动脉为血管蒂的大网膜的完整性。将无菌标本袋沿腹腔镜通道送入腹腔,小心将断蒂后的网膜组织装入标本袋内,缓慢经腹腔镜牵拉至体外,以36 ℃、10 U/mL肝素钠生理盐水冲洗3遍,生理盐水湿纱布包裹好并保存备用。取出的大网膜体积为100~300 mL。另一组由空军军医大学第二附属医院整形烧伤科的医师进行受区准备。首先根据窦道部位及术前计算的窦道体积设计手术切口,切口的设计以充分暴露窦道且位置尽量隐蔽为原则。随后进行彻底清创,用体积分数3%过氧化氢溶液、生理盐水交替冲洗窦道3遍。在窦道同侧沿下颌角内侧,下颌缘以下2 cm处设计手术切口,解剖出面动脉及颈外静脉。沿皮下潜行分离软组织至创面处,形成皮下隧道,分离时尽量确保隧道通畅、无纤维隔,以保证血管蒂部不受压,用大网膜充分填充组织缺损处,修剪多余组织,注意保护蒂部及血管网。沿皮下隧道牵拉胃网膜右动脉及其伴行静脉至颌下手术切口处。胃网膜右动脉与面动脉吻合,胃网膜右静脉与颈外静脉吻合,观察吻合口通畅,确定移植大网膜血液循环良好后,关闭手术切口。窦道处留置负压引流管,负压值控制在-10.64~-7.98 kPa,颌下手术切口留置橡胶引流条,包扎时避免血管蒂受压。
1.3.4 术后处理
术后卧床休息,注意保暖,行游离瓣移植术后常规护理,创面按时换药。给予抗感染、抗凝、抗血管痉挛、扩充血容量以及改善微循环等治疗。大网膜移植后血运观察不便,可间接通过面部肿胀程度、引流管引流量及引流液性质间接判断,术后48~72 h视引流量适时拔除引流管及引流条。
1.4 观察指标
术后观察大网膜成活情况、受区再次感染和并发症发生情况。术后第10天、1个月,彩色多普勒超声及CTA检查移植大网膜血运情况,头面部CT检查组织缺损区域填充情况。术后随访,观察面部外观和功能[8]及供区瘢痕增生情况。
2. 结果
4例患者移植大网膜术后全部成活,无术后并发症和再次感染发生。术后第10天、1个月,移植大网膜血运良好,大网膜填充区域形态良好,未见无效腔形成。术后随访6~10个月,面部外观恢复良好,患侧面部表情肌运动、张口度及张口型正常,患者对手术效果均表示满意;供区仅留有3个或4个腹腔镜手术小切口,均无明显瘢痕增生。
典型病例:患者女,58岁,5年前因左侧海绵窦区脑膜瘤在空军军医大学第二附属医院神经外科行左侧海绵窦区占位性病变切除术,术后4个月行残余瘤体伽马刀治疗。2年前脑膜瘤复发,在空军军医大学第二附属医院眼科行左眼眶肿瘤切除+放射性粒子(碘125)植入术,1年前因脑膜瘤进一步增大再次于空军军医大学第二附属医院眼科行左眼眶放射性粒子(碘125)植入术,10个月前行术后瘤床区放射治疗。放射治疗后患者逐渐出现左眼球萎缩、视力丧失、张口受限,5个月余前出现反复发热,左眼眶周皮肤红肿、流黄白色脓液,自行口服阿莫西林、布洛芬等药物治疗,效果不佳。2019年10月以脑膜瘤术后眼鼻瘘伴感染收入空军军医大学第二附属医院整形烧伤科。入院后行创面分泌物细菌培养并给予抗感染治疗,完善相关术前常规检查,行创面常规换药处理。于入院后第10天行手术治疗,切口的设计以充分暴露窦道及感染部位为原则。沿上唇中部做一纵行切口并上行至鼻小柱,然后向左鼻翼横向延伸至鼻旁,再向上延伸至内眦下1 cm并横向向外眦处延伸至外眦外侧1 cm,口内沿左侧上颌穹隆切开至上颌结节。手术清创在保留硬腭的基础上切除部分上颌骨,切除上颌骨的过程中注意游离腭大神经血管束,并及时进行结扎处理。清创后缺损的组织量体积约为8 cm×6 cm×3 cm。解剖游离出面动脉及颈外静脉以备吻合,普通外科医师在腹腔镜下切取体积约为300 mL大网膜备用。将大网膜修剪至合适大小后置于创区,调整好位置,使左右面部基本对称,将大网膜与受区软组织稍加固定。分别将胃网膜右动脉和面动脉,胃网膜右静脉和颈外静脉经皮下隧道进行吻合,确认吻合后的动脉及静脉血流通畅后,关闭手术切口。术后行抗感染、抗痉挛、扩充血容量等常规治疗。术后第10天、1个月移植大网膜血运良好,大网膜填充区域形态良好,无术后并发症及再次感染发生。术后随访6个月,面部左右轮廓基本对称,功能恢复良好,供区手术切口无明显瘢痕增生。见图1。
3. 讨论
大网膜是腹膜的一部分,具有独特的解剖和生理特点,主要由网格脂肪组织构成,组织含量丰富、可塑性强。大网膜丰富的淋巴管和血管可以很快地吸收渗出的液体,具有强大的抗感染能力和修复能力。另外,大网膜与其他组织很容易建立侧支循环,据报道,大网膜与缺血组织接触后6 h即开始有毛细血管形成,并与缺血的组织发生纤维素性粘连,24 h内两者粘连逐渐致密[9]。大网膜可构成一个肉芽基础,且为双面性血流,为皮肤及深层组织补充血流,利于大网膜自身存活[10, 11]。根据大网膜的这些特点,临床上很早就有人利用大网膜覆盖,填充膜腔内实质性脏器损伤,修补中空性脏器的穿孔等。大网膜还可用于修复子宫全切除手术过程中,由于膀胱后壁分离受损导致的残端瘘[12]。近年来,随着显微外科技术的进步,大网膜的应用也日益广泛。谢宏彬等[13]曾报道了1例大网膜游离移植矫正半侧颜面萎缩,随访结果显示移植的大网膜组织中间可见大量脂肪组织沉积,血管粗大密集,仍基本保留大网膜组织的血管特点,移植的大网膜组织和深部组织结合紧密。大网膜游离移植在整形外科中的应用非常广泛,有研究者在20世纪80年代报道了大网膜游离移植在复杂创面修复以及乳房重建中的应用[14, 15]。随后大网膜游离移植技术逐渐被广泛应用于如头皮撕脱伤后的颅骨外露、放射性溃疡、严重电损伤、大面积皮肤软组织缺损、严重的半侧颜面萎缩等的治疗[16]。这些应用主要利用大网膜组织的可塑性、重建和抗感染作用,均取得良好的治疗效果[17, 18, 19, 20]。
整形外科在手术方式的选择上应当将外观作为一项重要的考量标准,应最大限度减轻手术创伤。因此,本研究团队在切取大网膜时,优先考虑腹腔镜切取的方式,最大限度避免了腹部大切口及供区瘢痕的产生。而且腹腔镜的使用可在非开腹的前提下预先了解大网膜的情况,避免开腹带来的肠粘连等并发症,对患者损伤小,术后肠道功能恢复快,并发症少。颌面部手术切口的设计也尽量采取隐蔽、低张力性切口,避免较为明显的瘢痕形成。本文中介绍的4例患者面部切口均未见明显瘢痕增生,未发生再次感染,腹腔镜切口也均无明显瘢痕形成。
颌面部血管分布密集,血运较好,颌面部感染合并复杂窦道的发病率较低。但在一些特殊情况下,如颌骨骨髓炎、肿瘤的放射治疗和化学治疗术后,则容易形成复杂窦道,且形成的窦道往往具有结构复杂、局部血液循环差、伴有严重感染渗出等特点。颌面部的感染合并复杂窦道治疗难度大,目前常采用局部清创、冲洗、引流、填塞、换药等治疗方法,但治疗周期较长,效果不佳,且容易复发。因此彻底的清创加修复手术是治疗此类疾病的最佳手段[21, 22, 23]。大网膜具有组织量充足、可塑性强、局部血管化、抗感染和吸收能力强等特点[24, 25, 26, 27, 28],是修复颌面部感染合并复杂窦道的良好方法。本组患者手术清创后缺损范围较大,需要可塑性强且抗感染能力强的软组织进行充填,选择大网膜进行填充后,术后外观恢复良好,且无再次感染的情况发生。
根据颌面部感染合并复杂窦道的病理特点,术前准备、手术操作及术后治疗需要注意以下几点:(1)术前需行颌面部CT三维重建,明确窦道的大体形状、估算清创后组织缺损量,以便估算大网膜切除组织量。(2)术前面部受区血管行彩色多普勒超声检查,明确受区血管走行和质量,如肿瘤放射治疗后局部血管可能会出现挛缩、弹性变差等情况,需及时调整受区血管选择方案[5, 6, 7,29, 30, 31]。(3)术前腹部行CT检查,排除腹部其他疾病及大网膜切取手术禁忌证。(4)术中切取、牵拉大网膜操作轻柔,避免大网膜血管网损伤,影响血管吻合效果;大网膜取出后需保温,避免大网膜因温度降低而变硬,影响塑形和填充;受区以及供区血管吻合处的皮下隧道应尽可能减小张力,确保无纤维隔,避免血管蒂在皮下隧道内受压或弯折[32]。(5)术后按照一般显微外科术后进行护理,但由于大网膜移植后不便观察血运,可通过表面组织肿胀程度、引流管引流量及引流液性质间接判断血运情况。如必要可于床旁采用彩色多普勒超声检查血管吻合口远侧血流情况[33]。
大网膜游离移植的应用也有一定的局限性,应当把握好手术适应证。首先,既往有腹腔手术史、腹腔粘连的患者不宜采用该术式;其次,体重指数≥35 kg/m2的肥胖患者,由于大网膜体积通常过大,很难在不增加腹部切口的情况下取出大网膜,因此通常也不宜采用该术式[34, 35]。
综上所述,自体大网膜游离移植适用于修复颌面部感染合并复杂窦道,窦道填充、抗感染等效果良好,且并发症少,术后再次感染的发生率低,手术效果良好,值得推广应用。
·《Burns & Trauma》好文推荐·
小鼠严重烧伤会改变肠道菌群结构并损害肠道屏障
姜胜攀:研究设计、论文撰写与修改;高小青:数据收集、统计学分析;栾夏刚:研究指导;谭一清:研究指导、论文修改、经费支持所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 -
参考文献
(61) [1] BurgessM, ValderaF, VaronD, et al. The immune and regenerative response to burn injury[J]. Cells, 2022,11(19):3073. DOI: 10.3390/cells11193073. [2] 马琪敏,汤文彬,李孝建,等.危重烧伤老年患者早期临床特征的多中心回顾分析及预后的危险因素分析[J].中华烧伤与创面修复杂志,2024,40(3):249-257.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20230808-00042. [3] FranckCL, SenegagliaAC, LeiteLMB, et al. Influence of adipose tissue-derived stem cells on the burn wound healing process[J]. Stem Cells Int, 2019,2019:2340725. DOI: 10.1155/2019/2340725. [4] Radzikowska-BüchnerE, ŁopuszyńskaI, FliegerW, et al. An overview of recent developments in the management of burn injuries[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(22): 16357. DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216357. [5] SangitaC,GarimaG,JayanthiY,et al.Histological indicators of cutaneous lesions caused by electrocution, flame burn and impact abrasion[J].Med Sci Law,2018,58(4):216-221.DOI: 10.1177/0025802418776116. [6] FalsterC,HellfritzschM,GaistTA,et al.Comparison of international guideline recommendations for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism[J].Lancet Haematol,2023,10(11):e922-e935.DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(23)00181-3. [7] ChenX,LiuX,LiuJ,et al.Pulmonary embolism secondary to deep venous thrombosis: a retrospective and observational study for clinical characteristics and risk stratification[J].Phlebology,2021,36(8):627-635.DOI: 10.1177/0268355521990964. [8] HuSS,Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China.Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in China[J].J Geriatr Cardiol,2024,21(8):775-778.DOI: 10.26599/1671-5411.2024.08.007. [9] NaumAG,JariI,MoisiiL,et al.Imaging and biomarkers: the assesment of pulmonary embolism risk and early mortality[J].Medicina (Kaunas),2024,60(9):1489.DOI: 10.3390/medicina60091489. [10] SebastianR,GhanemO,DiRomaF,et al.Pulmonary embolism in burns, is there an evidence based prophylactic recommendation? Case report and review of literature[J].Burns,2015,41(2):e4-7.DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.06.018. [11] CastanonL, BhogadiSK, AnandT, et al. The association between the timing of initiation of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with outcomes in burns patients[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2023, 44(6): 1311-1315. DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad074. [12] MohammedAQI, BermanL, StaroselskyM, et al. Clinical presentation and risk stratification of pulmonary embolism[J]. Int J Angiol, 2024,33(2):82-88. DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786878. [13] KobayashiT, PuglieseS, SethiSS, et al. Contemporary management and outcomes of patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 83(1): 35-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.10.026. [14] VrettouCS,DimaE,SigalaI.Pulmonary embolism in critically ill patients-prevention, diagnosis, and management[J].Diagnostics (Basel),2024,14(19):2208.DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14192208. [15] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺栓塞与肺血管病学组,中国医师协会呼吸医师分会肺栓塞与肺血管病工作委员会,全国肺栓塞与肺血管病防治协作组.肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(14):1060-1087.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2018.14.007. [16] KhanAY, WaheedF, RehanM, et al. Hematological trends in severe burn patients: a comprehensive study for prognosis and clinical insights[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2024,45(5):1315-1320. DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irae057. [17] HuY,MaoQ,YeS,et al.Blast-burn combined injury followed by immediate seawater immersion induces hemodynamic changes and metabolic acidosis: an experimental study in a canine model[J].Clin Lab,2016,62(7):1193-1199.DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2015.150929. [18] KayaAT,AkmanB.Relationship of the novel scoring system for lower extremity venous thrombosis with pulmonary embolism[J].Acad Radiol,2024,31(9):3811-3824.DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2024.03.010. [19] HuangS,MaQ,LiaoX,et al.Identification of early coagulation changes associated with survival outcomes post severe burns from multiple perspectives[J].Sci Rep,2024,14(1):10457.DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61194-0. [20] KrugerE, KowalS, BilirSP, et al. Relationship between patient characteristics and number of procedures as well as length of stay for patients surviving severe burn injuries: analysis of the American Burn Association National Burn Repository[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2020,41(5):1037-1044. DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa040. [21] Alcalá-CerrilloM,González-SánchezJ,González-BernalJJ,et al.Retrospective study of the epidemiological-clinical characteristics of burns treated in a hospital emergency service (2018-2022)[J].Nurs Rep,2024,14(3):1987-1997.DOI: 10.3390/nursrep14030148. [22] DuffettL. Deep venous thrombosis[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2022, 175(9): ITC129-ITC144. DOI: 10.7326/AITC202209200. [23] FeathersJR,RichardsonG,CornierA,et al.The use of Oxandrolone in the management of severe burns: a multi-service survey of burns centres and units across the United Kingdom[J].Cureus,2024,16(3):e57167.DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57167. [24] Ter MeulenEW,PoleyMJ,Van DijkM,et al.The hospital costs associated with acute paediatric burn injuries[J].S Afr Med J,2016,106(11):1120-1124.DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2016.v106i11.11202. [25] LiuHY, WuYJ, HuangSC, et al.Experiences with pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension at multiple centers in Taiwan[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2022, 121(3):604-612. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.07.023. [26] BruntonN,McBaneR,CasanegraAI,et al.Risk stratification and management of intermediate-risk acute pulmonary embolism[J].J Clin Med,2024,13(1):257.DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010257. [27] 吕琴,何雅,高慎敏.肺栓塞患者合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停发病率及危险因素Meta分析[J].四川医学,2023,44(4):349-355.DOI: 10.16252/j.cnki.issn1004-0501-2023.04.003. [28] SökücüSN,SatıcıC,Tokgöz AkyılF,et al.The impact of deep venous thrombosis on 90 day mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients presenting with pulmonary embolism[J].Respir Med Res,2024,85:101090.DOI: 10.1016/j.resmer.2024.101090. [29] CastellanaG,IntigliettaP,DragonieriS,et al.Incidence of deep venous thrombosis in patients with both pulmonary embolism and COPD[J].Acta Biomed,2021,92(3):e2021210.DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i3.11258. [30] AhmedI, KhanK, AkhterN, et al.Frequency of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[J]. Cureus, 2024,16(9):e69858. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69858. [31] 蒋秋玲,袁媛,郑婧.胸部恶性肿瘤胸腔镜术后肺栓塞发生的危险因素与治疗效果分析[J].实用癌症杂志,2022,37(10):1646-1648,1652.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5930.2022.10.021. [32] CouturaudF, BertolettiL, PastreJ, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism among patients with COPD hospitalized with acutely worsening respiratory symptoms[J]. JAMA, 2021, 325(1): 59-68. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.23567. [33] YuHY, BaiYP, SongXC, et al. Factors associated with acute pulmonary embolism in patients with hypoxia after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a case-control study[J]. J Multidiscip Healthc, 2024,17:573-583. DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S447534. [34] TangS,MeiZ,HuangD,et al.Comparative analysis of hemoglobin, potassium, sodium, and glucose in arterial blood gas and venous blood of patients with COPD[J].Sci Rep,2024,14(1):5194.DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55992-9. [35] LiuS,ZhangH,ZhuP,et al.Predictive role of red blood cell distribution width and hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio for mortality in patients with COPD: evidence from NHANES 1999-2018[J].BMC Pulm Med,2024,24(1):413.DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03229-w. [36] HultcrantzM,ModlitbaA,VasanSK,et al.Hemoglobin concentration and risk of arterial and venous thrombosis in 1.5 million Swedish and Danish blood donors[J].Thromb Res,2020,186:86-92.DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.12.011. [37] 刘艳洁,余瑞雪,王莉,等.慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者住院期间发生肺栓塞的危险因素分析[J].血管与腔内血管外科杂志,2023,9(7):881-884.DOI: 10.19418/j.cnki.issn2096-0646.2023.07.24. [38] ZhouR,ZhangJ,ZhangW,et al.Clinical efficacy and safety of Panax notoginseng saponins in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with blood hypercoagulability: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Phytomedicine,2024,125:155244.DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155244. [39] LiuX, JiaoX, GongX, et al. Prevalence, risk factor and clinical characteristics of venous thrombus embolism in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD: a prospective multicenter study[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2023,18: 907-917. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S410954. [40] JiménezD, AgustíA, TaberneroE, et al. Effect of a pulmonary embolism diagnostic strategy on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2021, 326(13): 1277-1285. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.14846. [41] LiR,ZengJ,SunD,et al.The challenges of identifying pulmonary embolism in patients hospitalized for exacerbations of COPD[J/OL].Respir Med Res,2024,86:101122(2024-06-22)[2024-11-20].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38972110/.DOI:10.1016/j.resmer.2024.101122.[published online ahead of print]. [42] de Miguel-DíezJ,JiZ.Exploring predictors of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Eur J Intern Med,2024:S0953-6205(24)00452-00457.DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.11.003. [43] LiJ,XiongY,LiS,et al.Prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary embolism in COPD patients complicated with secondary polycythemia[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2024,19:2371-2385.DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S481905. [44] DowlingAR,LukeCE,CaiQ,et al.Modulation of interleukin-6 and its effect on late vein wall injury in a stasis mouse model of deep vein thrombosis[J].JVS Vasc Sci,2022,3:246-255.DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2022.04.001. [45] NajemMY,RysRN,LauranceS,et al.Extracellular RNA induces neutrophil recruitment via toll-like receptor 3 during venous thrombosis after vascular injury[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2024,13(15):e034492.DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.124.034492. [46] Bordeanu-DiaconescuEM, Grosu-BulardaA, FrunzaA, et al. Venous thromboembolism in burn patients: a 5-year retrospective study[J]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2024, 60(2): 258. DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020258. [47] HuY,OuS,FengQ,et al.Incidence and predictors of perioperative atrial fibrillation in burn intensive care unit patients following burn surgery[J].Burns,2022,48(5):1092-1096.DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.04.012. [48] ZhouX,ZhangL,CaiJ,et al.Application areas of intermittent pneumatic compression in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis during dixon surgery: a randomized, controlled trial[J].Clin Ther,2023,45(10):977-982.DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.07.022. [49] GuzelA,CanbazS.A retrospective assessment of venous recanalization outcomes for oral anticoagulant treatment in deep vein thrombosis[J].Vascular,2024:17085381241236931.DOI: 10.1177/17085381241236931. [50] TongM,ZhangS,MaP,et al.Efficacy analysis of intermittent pneumatic compression combined with hyperthermia at different temperatures for prevention of deep vein thrombosis after simulated orthopaedic surgery in male rabbits[J].Am J Transl Res,2024,16(10):5337-5346.DOI: 10.62347/OXES9217. [51] BrownC,TokessyL,DellucA,et al.Risk of developing post thrombotic syndrome after deep vein thrombosis with different anticoagulant regimens: a systematic review and pooled analysis[J].Thromb Res,2024,240:109057.DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.109057. [52] HardtK, WapplerF, SakkaSG. Uncertain acute hemodynamic instability after severe burn injury: an (un-)usual complication[J]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther, 2020,55(3):190-199. DOI: 10.1055/a-1014-9098. [53] DeeterL, SeatonM, CarrougherGJ, et al. Hospital-acquired complications alter quality of life in adult burn survivors: report from a burn model system[J]. Burns, 2019,45(1):42-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.10.010. [54] 孙淑英,文大林,陈国昇,等.严重多发伤患者脓毒症发生的相关危险因素及其预警效能分析[J].中华创伤杂志,2023,39(5):443-449.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501098-20230201-00055. [55] LiuA, MinasianRA, ManiagoE, et al. Venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis in burn patients: a literature review and single-institution experience[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2021, 42(1): 18-22. DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa143. [56] SchallerC,PetitpierreA,von FeltenS,et al.Thromboembolic events in burn patients: an analysis of risk factors and different anticoagulants[J].Burns,2024,50(3):569-577.DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.12.014. [57] FosterKN,ChunduKR,LalS,et al.Invasive Aspergillus infection leading to vascular thrombosis and amputation in a severely burned child[J].J Burn Care Res,2017,38(1):e464-e468.DOI: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000366. [58] KimballA,GibsonE,QuinnL,et al.Thrombosis incidence in major paediatric burns[J].ANZ J Surg,2023,93(11):2721-2726.DOI: 10.1111/ans.18664. [59] MurphyKD,LeeJO,HerndonDN.Current pharmacotherapy for the treatment of severe burns[J].Expert Opin Pharmacother,2003,4(3):369-384.DOI: 10.1517/14656566.4.3.369. [60] StantonE, YenikomshianHA, GillenwaterJ. 754 Venous Thromboembolism incidence and risk factors in burn patients[J]. J Burn Care Res. 2024,45(Suppl 1):S230. DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irae036.296. [61] StantonEW, ManasyanA, ThompsonCM,et al. Venous thromboembolism incidence, risk factors, and prophylaxis in burn patients: a national trauma database study[J/OL]. J Burn Care Res, 2024:irae171(2024-09-11)[2024-12-10]. https://academic.oup.com/jbcr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jbcr/irae171/7755309.DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irae171. published online ahead of print. -
Table 1. 2组严重烧伤患者临床资料比较
组别 例数 性别(例) 年龄(例) 体重指数(例) 治疗期间卧床时间(例) 入院时白蛋白水平(例) 合并COPD(例) 男 女 >60岁 ≤60岁 ≥24 kg/m2 <24 kg/m2 >7 d ≤7 d >35 g/L ≤35 g/L 是 否 肺动脉栓塞组 26 13 13 19 7 14 12 23 3 16 10 6 20 非肺动脉栓塞组 241 146 95 107 134 170 71 82 159 176 65 4 237 统计量值 χ2=1.09 χ2=7.75 χ2=3.05 χ2=29.15 χ2=1.53 χ2=29.86 P值 0.296 0.005 0.081 <0.001 0.216 <0.001 注:COPD为慢性阻塞性肺疾病,ABSI为简明烧伤严重指数 Table 2. 267例严重烧伤患者并发肺动脉栓塞的单因素和多因素logistic回归分析结果
自变量 单因素 多因素 回归系数 标准误 比值比 95%置信区间 P值 回归系数 标准误 比值比 95%置信区间 P值 年龄(岁) 1.22 0.46 3.40 1.38~8.39 P值 0.94 0.61 2.56 0.78~8.45 0.123 治疗期间卧床时间(>7 d) 2.70 0.63 14.87 4.34~50.98 0.008 2.40 0.71 11.02 2.76~43.98 0.001 合并COPD 2.88 0.69 17.78 4.63~68.22 <0.001 3.43 1.10 30.82 3.55~267.33 0.002 合并糖尿病 1.03 0.44 2.80 1.19~6.58 <0.001 0.68 0.63 1.97 0.58~6.69 0.279 入院时ABSI评分(10.7~14.9分) 0.63 0.13 1.88 1.47~2.41 <0.001 0.62 0.15 1.86 1.38~2.50 <0.001 注:COPD为慢性阻塞性肺疾病,ABSI为简明烧伤严重指数 -