Clinical efficacy of free medial sural artery perforator flap transplantation in repairing electric burn wounds of hands and feet
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摘要:
目的 探讨腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手足电烧伤创面的效果。 方法 该研究为回顾性观察性研究。2017年11月—2023年9月,武汉大学同仁医院暨武汉市第三医院收治21例符合入选标准的年龄28~51岁手足部电烧伤男性患者。共有23个创面,其中14个位于手部,9个位于足部;9个伴肌腱损伤外露,6个伴骨外露或坏死,8个伴关节损伤。清创后创面面积为5.0 cm×3.0 cm~14.0 cm×10.0 cm。对于2个较宽创面和2个多指/趾创面,设计并切取以2条腓肠内侧动脉穿支为中心的分叶皮瓣进行修复;对于其他创面,设计并切取腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣面积为6.0 cm×3.5 cm~16.0 cm×11.0 cm。将皮瓣动静脉与受区动静脉行端端吻合;将10个皮瓣的皮神经与受区神经吻合,另切取腓肠神经束修复1个指神经缺损。减张缝合供区创面。记录术后皮瓣成活情况、供瓣区愈合情况。随访时,记录皮瓣后期整复情况,观察皮瓣质地、外观,观察小腿供瓣区瘢痕及功能恢复情况。末次随访时,观测手部皮瓣感觉恢复情况,采用利克特量表调查患者对每次手术治疗效果的满意度,采用中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评估患者手部功能,使用Holden步行能力分级评估下肢创面患者的负重行走能力。 结果 术后1个皮瓣远端存在少许坏死,经换药后愈合。23个皮瓣全部成活。2个供区缝合口因局部张力过高愈合不良,经清创、引流后行二次缝合,愈合良好;其余21个供瓣区创面愈合良好。术后随访6~26个月,3个皮瓣稍臃肿,行皮瓣整复术后外观改善;1个行指间关节融合术后的手部创面,修复效果佳;其余皮瓣未行后期整复,所有皮瓣质地软、与周围组织形态相近。小腿供瓣区存留线状瘢痕,行走功能正常。末次随访时,手部皮瓣均恢复保护性感觉;患者对21次手术治疗效果表示非常满意,对2次手术治疗效果表示比较满意;14例手部创面患者评定为优者10例、良者3例、可者1例,7例足部创面患者的Holden步行能力分级均为Ⅴ级。 结论 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣具有血供可靠、皮瓣薄且平整等优点,可分叶或根据创面形状切取,受区的外形和功能恢复效果均较佳,患者对手术治疗效果满意度较高,是修复手足电烧伤创面可供选择的手术方式之一。 Abstract:Objective To explore clinical efficacy of free medial sural artery perforator flap transplantation in repairing electric burn wounds of hands and feet. Methods This study was a retrospective observational study. From November 2017 to September 2023, 21 male patients aged 28-51 years with electric burns on hands and feet who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University & Wuhan Third Hospital. There were 23 wounds, of which 14 were on the hand and 9 on the foot; nine were associated with exposed tendon injury, six were associated with bone exposure or necrosis, and eight were associated with joint injury. The wound area after debridement was 5.0 cm× 3.0 cm-14.0 cm× 10.0 cm. For 2 wide wounds and 2 polydactyly/toe wounds, a lobulated flap centered on 2 medial sural artery perforators was designed and incised for repair. For other wounds, the perforator flap of the medial sural artery was designed and incised, and the flap area was 6.0 cm× 3.5 cm-16.0 cm×11.0 cm. The flap arteriovenous line was anastomosed end-to-end with the arteriovenous line of the recipient area; the cutaneous nerves of 10 flaps were anastomosed with the recipient nerves, and the sural nerve bundle was cut to repair the defect of one digital nerve. The donor site was closed with tension-relieving sutures. Postoperative flap survival and donor site healing were recorded. During follow-up, secondary revisions of the flap were recorded, the texture and appearance of the flap, as well as the scarring and functional recovery of the donor valve area of the lower leg, were observed. At the last follow-up, the recovery of hand flap sensation was observed, the satisfaction of patients with the treatment effect of each operation was investigated by Likert scale, the hand function of patients was evaluated by the trial criteria of upper limb function evaluation of the Chinese Medical Association Hand Surgery, and the weight-bearing walking ability of patients with lower limb wounds was evaluated by Holden walking ability grading. Results There was a slight necrosis at the distal end of one flap after surgery, which healed after dressing change. All 23 flaps survived. The sutures of the two donor areas were poorly healed due to high local tension, and the second sutures were performed after debridement and drainage, and the healing was good. The wounds of the remaining 21 donor valve sites healed well. After 6-26 months of follow-up, 3 flaps were slightly bloated, and the appearance was improved after flap reconstruction; 1 hand wound after interphalangeal joint fusion, with good repair effect; the rest of the flaps were not reconstructed. All the skin flaps were soft and similar to the surrounding tissue morphology. Linear scarring remains in the donor valve area of the lower leg, and walking function is normal. At the last follow-up, the protective sensation of the hand flap was restored; the patients were very satisfied with the results of 21 surgeries and were relatively satisfied with the results of 2 surgeries. 10 of the 14 patients with hand wounds were rated as excellent, 3 were very good, and 1 was acceptable, and Holden walking ability of 7 patients with foot wounds was grade V. Conclusions The medial sural artery perforator flap has the advantages of reliable blood supply, thin and flat flap, can be lobulated or cut according to the shape of the wound, and the shape and function of the recipient area are better restored, and the patients are highly satisfied with the surgical treatment effect, which is one of the surgical methods available for repairing electric burn wounds of hands and feet. -
(1)腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣区域皮肤与手足部皮肤质地接近,厚度适宜且平整,在修复手足中小面积电烧伤创面时,能够起到功能修复和美学修复的效果。
(2)腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣血管恒定,血供可靠,血管蒂较长,手术解剖相对简单,不损伤主干血管,血管口径适中,还可携带感觉神经,根据穿支分布可分叶或根据创面形状切取皮瓣,修复手足电烧伤创面适用性较强。
Highlights:
(1)The skin in the region of the medial sural artery perforator flap was similar in texture to that of the hands and feet, with an appropriate thickness and smoothness. This made it effective for both functional and aesthetic restoration when repairing small to medium-sized electrical burn wounds on the hands and feet.
(2)This flap offered reliable blood supply with relatively constant perforators, a long vascular pedicle, and moderate vessel caliber, while preserving major vessels. Its surgical dissection was straightforward, and it could incorporate sensory nerves. The flap could be customized into lobes or tailored to wound shape based on perforator distribution, demonstrating strong adaptability for hand and foot electrical burn reconstruction.
电烧伤是由电流通过人体组织引发的严重损伤,其致伤机制涉及热效应、电生理效应及继发性血管损伤,常导致深部组织不可逆性坏死[1]。手足部作为人体与外界接触的主要器官,在电击事故中具有较高的致伤率,尤其是高压电烧伤可造成肌腱、神经、骨骼等多层次组织损伤,临床修复面临极大挑战[2]。若修复不当,可能导致功能障碍或截指/趾等严重后果[3]。传统的清创换药或人工皮联合植皮等方法在修复后常难以达到理想的功能和外观效果,甚至可能加重损伤。因此,皮瓣移植成为深度电烧伤创面的首选修复方式[4],能够为创面下损伤的重要组织提供及时有效的保护,减少继发感染和深部组织的渐进性坏死,从而缩短疗程、减轻患者痛苦,并促进早期康复训练[5]。近年来,腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣因其血管解剖位置恒定、血供可靠、不损伤主干血管且血管蒂较长等优点,逐渐成为修复手足电烧伤创面的重要选择[6]。本研究旨在探讨腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手足电烧伤创面的临床效果,以期为临床提供一种有效的修复方法。
1. 对象与方法
本回顾性观察性研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的基本原则。按照本单位伦理委员会临床研究暨伦理政策要求,患者对此项研究知情,并同意在不泄露其隐私的情况下对其病历资料进行分析、使用。
1.1 入选标准
纳入标准:电烧伤创面患者;手和/或足部存在肌腱、神经、骨和/或骨关节等深层组织外露和/或损伤的创面,采用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复;术后随访6个月及以上。排除标准:临床资料不全者。
1.2 临床资料
2017年11月—2023年9月,本单位收治21例符合标准的手足部电烧伤患者,均为男性,年龄28~51岁,致伤电压220 V~10 kV,烧伤总面积0.3%TBSA~22%TBSA(平均5% TBSA),深度为Ⅲ、Ⅳ度。共有23个创面,其中14个位于手部,9个位于足部;9个伴肌腱、神经外露,6个伴骨外露或坏死,8个伴关节损伤。2例患者的双侧足部均存在创面。6例患者创面存在肌腱、神经、骨和/或骨关节等多组织损伤或坏死。12例患者合并其他未被纳入的创面。
1.3 手术方法
1.3.1 创面床准备
患者入院后完善术前检查,行创面面积、深度评估。于全身麻醉下切除创面皮肤、皮下坏死组织及坏死筋膜、肌肉组织,修剪游离失活组织,保留结构完好的肌腱和神经等,咬除坏死骨或磨平骨端直至少量渗血,用钢针固定骨关节于合适位置。创面依次使用体积分数3%双氧水、碘伏和生理盐水反复冲洗。清创后,创面面积为5.0 cm×3.0 cm~14.0 cm×10.0 cm。
在创面边缘作辅助切口,于正常皮肤下探查并分离受区血管,并在手术显微镜下检查血管内膜完整性,去除损伤血管段至内膜光滑平面备用。
1.3.2 皮瓣切取及供区处理
1.3.2 .1 皮瓣设计
用多普勒超声血流探测仪于腘窝中点与内侧踝关节至跟腱中点连线下6~18 cm范围附近探查腓肠内侧动脉穿支穿出点位置,同时根据创面形状及大小以穿支点为中心,较受区创面边长扩大约1 cm设计皮瓣。对5例单侧足部烧伤患者创面,设计同侧腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣;对2例双侧足部烧伤患者创面,拟行2次修复手术并设计交叉皮瓣,即切取腓肠内侧穿支皮瓣修复另一侧足部创面;对14个手部创面,设计合适供区的腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣。对其中2个较宽创面和2个多指/趾创面,分别设计以2条腓肠内侧动脉穿支为中心的分叶皮瓣。
1.3.2 .2 皮瓣切取
供瓣侧肢体屈髋屈膝外展外旋位,驱血后止血带下切开皮瓣内侧缘,沿深筋膜下向外侧掀起皮瓣,寻找皮穿支并以穿支为中心调整皮瓣设计,切开边缘时留取经过皮瓣的浅静脉和神经分支备用。纵行切开腓肠内侧肌,逆行分离血管蒂达腓肠内侧动脉主干,期间注意保护穿支血管的连续性,防止血管蒂牵拉或切割损伤,分离血管完毕后适当去除皮瓣边缘脂肪组织,检查皮瓣血运后断蒂。皮瓣切取面积为6.0 cm×3.5 cm~16.0 cm×11.0 cm;皮瓣厚度为0.4~1.1 cm,平均0.6 cm;皮瓣血管蒂长度为4.0~9.0 cm,平均5.9 cm。9个皮瓣血管蒂存在2条穿支,其中8个皮瓣的穿支共干,1个皮瓣的穿支不共干;14个皮瓣血管蒂存在1条穿支。10个皮瓣携带皮神经。
1.3.2 .3 皮瓣转移
游离皮瓣后,将4个皮瓣进行分叶,用于修复1个创面的相邻手指、2个创面的相邻足趾和1个手部较宽创面,将其余皮瓣适当修剪以适应创面形状,将皮瓣动脉与受区动脉行端端吻合。5个皮瓣动脉与桡动脉腕背支吻合;5个皮瓣动脉与第1跖背动脉吻合,其中将1个皮瓣动脉中2条不共干的穿支动脉分别与第1跖背动脉近、远端吻合;5个皮瓣动脉与指总动脉吻合;3个皮瓣动脉与手部的指固有动脉吻合;5个皮瓣动脉与足背动脉吻合。吻合动脉后,选择出血丰富的皮瓣静脉与受区静脉端端吻合。将10个皮瓣的皮神经与手部创面神经吻合;另切取1束腓肠神经束,桥接1处指神经缺损。间断缝合皮瓣,皮瓣下放置引流条,包扎并留观察窗观察皮瓣血运。
1.3.2 .3 供瓣区处理
所有供区创面行皮下缝合以松解张力,然后拉拢分层缝合皮肤,皮下放置引流管。对于张力较大者,采用皮肤减张贴保护并适当加压包扎固定。
1.3.3 术后处理
术后常规予以抗感染、镇痛、抗凝、解痉等治疗。常规观察皮瓣血运,抬高患肢制动,对皮瓣区进行保暖。供受区均隔天换药,术后48 h左右拔除皮瓣下引流条,术后3~7 d拔除供区引流管。术后1周,对皮瓣行加压塑形,指导患者行手部渐进性康复训练。
1.4 疗效评价
记录术后皮瓣成活情况、供瓣区愈合情况。随访时,记录皮瓣后期整复情况,观察皮瓣质地、外观,观察小腿供瓣区瘢痕及功能恢复情况。末次随访时,观测手部皮瓣感觉恢复情况,采用利克特量表调查患者对每次手术治疗效果的满意度,采用中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评估患者手部功能[7],使用Holden步行能力分级评估下肢创面患者的负重行走能力。利克特量表5级评分法:5分表示非常满意,4分表示比较满意,3分表示一般满意,2分表示不太满意,1分表示很不满意。Holden步行能力分级,分为0~Ⅴ级,0级表示不能行走,Ⅴ级表示完全正常。
2. 结果
2.1 总体情况
术后1个皮瓣远端存在少许坏死,经换药后愈合,23个皮瓣全部成活。2个供区缝合口因局部张力过高愈合不良,经清创、引流后行二次缝合,愈合良好;其余21个供瓣区创面愈合良好。术后随访6~26个月,3个皮瓣稍臃肿,行皮瓣整复术后外观改善;1个行指间关节融合术后的手部创面,修复效果佳;其余皮瓣未行后期整复,所有皮瓣质地软、与周围组织形态相近。小腿供瓣区存留线状瘢痕,行走功能正常。末次随访时,手部皮瓣均恢复保护性感觉;患者对21次手术治疗效果表示非常满意,对2次手术治疗效果表示比较满意;14例手部创面患者评定为优者10例、良者3例、可者1例(优良比为13/14),7例足部创面患者的Holden步行能力分级均为Ⅴ级。
2.2 典型病例
例1
男,34岁,右手示指被380 V电烧伤,总面积0.2%TBSA(约12 cm2),深度为Ⅳ度,伤后3个月收入本单位。入院时查体显示,示指近侧指间关节桡侧创基凹陷并形成干痂,远节指端血运正常。入院后第6天,于全身麻醉下清创见创面下示指桡侧固有动脉栓塞、指神经坏死,指屈、伸肌腱部分受损,给予切除坏死组织并用克氏针固定示指于伸直位,形成创面面积7.0 cm×2.0 cm。设计并切取左侧小腿内侧腓肠动脉穿支皮瓣(大小为8.0 cm×3.0 cm,厚度0.4 cm)。皮瓣携带1条穿支和1条皮神经,同时切取长度约6 cm腓肠神经部分神经束用于桥接指神经残端。将皮瓣动脉与示指桡侧指动脉残端吻合,皮瓣静脉与背侧皮静脉吻合,皮神经与指固有神经残端吻合。将供瓣区直接缝合。术后皮瓣存活良好,术后随访12个月,皮瓣质地、外形良好,厚度适宜,小腿供瓣区存留线状瘢痕,行走功能正常。末次随访时,右手功能评定为优,患者对手术效果满意度评分为5分。见图1。
例2
男,31岁,被10 KV高压电烧伤,总面积为22%TBSA,深度为Ⅲ、Ⅳ度。伤后4 d收入本单位。入院时体格检查显示左足第1、2趾背远端部分坏死、甲床坏死,趾背伸肌肌腱外露;右上肢、双下肢多处Ⅲ~Ⅳ度大面积创面和右手腕部毁损性烧伤创面。入院后,对右手腕部创面,急诊行股前外侧皮瓣分叶移植修复术;然后依次行右上肢和双下肢分次切痂植皮术,创面逐渐愈合;期间,行左足趾创面保痂治疗。于入院后36 d,于全身麻醉下清除左足趾坏死软组织、甲床及坏死骨,保留趾间关节及远节残存近端趾骨,清创后创面面积5.0 cm×3.0 cm。设计并切取左侧小腿腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣(面积为11.0 cm×5.0 cm,厚度为0.4 cm),将皮瓣以2条穿支为中心分成2叶,分别移植于第1、2趾及部分足背创面,将腓肠内侧动脉与第1跖背动脉吻合,将腓肠内侧动脉的2条伴行静脉与跖背动脉伴行静脉及足背静脉行端端吻合。直接缝合供瓣区。术后皮瓣成活,供区愈合良好。术后随访6个月,皮瓣存活良好,质地柔软,略臃肿。小腿供瓣区存留线状瘢痕,患者的Holden步行能力分级评级为Ⅴ级,患者对足部外观及功能等手术效果满意度评分为5分。见图2。
例3
男,45岁,躯干四肢被10 KV高压电烧伤,烧伤总面积为8%TBSA,深度为Ⅲ、Ⅳ度。伤后3 h收入本单位。入院时体格检查显示双足创面皮革样、干性坏死。入院后,先行躯干Ⅲ度及右踝部Ⅳ度等创面的自体皮移植及游离皮瓣移植修复术,期间双足创面行保痂、清创+VSD治疗。伤后22 d,于全身麻醉下行右足清创,见右足创面第1跖趾关节及趾间关节囊部分坏死,清创后创面面积5.0 cm×3.0 cm,于左小腿设计腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣(大小6.0 cm×4.0 cm,厚度0.4 cm),皮瓣内含1条穿支、1条皮神经。将腓肠内侧动脉与右足背动脉近端行端端吻合,腓肠内侧动脉伴行静脉与足背动脉伴行静脉及足背静脉行端端吻合,皮神经与足背皮神经端端吻合。直接缝合供瓣区。伤后37 d,于全身麻醉下行左足清创,见左足近节趾骨部分坏死、变黑,趾间关节腔开放。切除坏死软组织,咬除坏死趾骨,创面面积为4.0 cm×2.5 cm。于右小腿内侧设计皮瓣(大小5.0 cm×3.0 cm,厚度0.4 cm),皮瓣内含1条穿支、1条皮神经。将腓肠内侧动脉与左足背动脉近端行端端吻合,腓肠内侧动脉伴行静脉与足背动脉伴行静脉及足背静脉行端端吻合,皮神经与足背皮神经吻合。直接缝合供瓣区。术后,2个皮瓣存活良好,供瓣区愈合良好。术后26个月随访时,皮瓣外形良好,厚度适宜,保护性感觉存在,供区存留线状表浅瘢痕。患者的Holden步行能力分级评级为Ⅴ级。患者对手术效果满意度评分均为5分。见图3。
图 3 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复例3患者双足电烧伤创面的效果。3A、3B.分别为右、左伤后1 d,用磺胺嘧啶银乳膏护痂;3C.右足伤后22 d,创面行负压治疗后形成部分肉芽,第1跖趾关节开放及趾间关节囊部分坏死;3D.术中设计左小腿内侧动脉穿支动脉皮瓣11.0 cm×4.5 cm;3E.皮瓣切取完毕,携带2条穿支;3F.右足皮瓣移植术后14 d情况;3G.伤后37 d,左足创面清创后,近节趾骨部分坏死变黑,趾间关节腔开放;3H.切取右小腿内侧动脉穿支皮瓣(携带1条穿支);3I.皮瓣移植左足创面后即刻;3J、3K、3L.分别为随访26月,右、左足及双下肢情况:双足皮瓣形态良好,双小腿供区愈合良好3. 讨论
电烧伤是常见的特殊烧伤类型,约占烧伤住院人数的5%[8],以肢体最为多见 [9, 10],手和足最易被累及,常导致肌腱、神经、血管、骨及关节的损伤或外露,甚至多组织的严重毁损[11]。常规清创换药或人工皮+植皮[12]等修复后功能和外观常较差,甚至可能无法修复导致损伤加重[13]。目前众多学者仍将皮瓣移植作为深度电烧伤创面的首选修复方式。皮瓣能为创面下损伤的重要组织提供及时有效的保护[14],减少继发感染概率及延缓深部组织的渐进性坏死,减少骨关节外露及截指/趾发生,从而短缩疗程、减少患者痛苦,便于尽早康复训练[15],利于电烧伤后手足结构重建及功能外观恢复[16]。
手足为同源组织,足部皮瓣修复手足部时,是手足缺损创面最为合适的皮瓣供区。目前较多学者报道应用足底内侧皮瓣修复手指Ⅳ度电烧伤创面修复、使用足踇趾腓侧皮瓣修复指腹缺损等,取得较好的临床效果[17]。但由于足部作为供瓣区切取面积有限,且术后影响行走和负重。因此,多数学者认为,在手足的“重要”区域,如拇指、食指的对掌对指区域或足的前掌、足跟等负重部位出现皮肤缺损时,使用足部皮瓣移植才能获得最大的得失比[18]。而手足的其他非“重要”区域则可使用损伤更小的其他部位皮瓣移植修复,但需要皮瓣厚度适宜、皮肤质地接近。有研究者将腹股沟皮瓣[19, 20]、股前外侧皮瓣[21, 22]等修薄后修复四肢及手足创面也能取得很好效果,但对手术者解剖技术要求高,且修薄后的皮瓣血运障碍风险高,不便于临床推广普及。改进和探索其他皮瓣供区,以更好修复手足电烧伤创面,一直是临床手术医师的重要研究方向。
小腿与足相连,其皮肤结构与足背侧皮肤相似度较大,切取小腿的皮瓣在修复同侧足部创面缺损时具有部位优势,且不必增加额外的手术野和损伤部位,更易被患者和手术医师所接受[23, 24]。采用腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足部中小型缺损创面临床修复效果较好,但其血管解剖难度相对较大,血管蒂相对较短[25]。腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣血管口径细小,单一穿支供应范围有限,血管解剖难度大[26, 27]。腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣最早由Cavadas等[28]报道,其血管解剖位置较恒定,切取相对简单,不损伤主干,损伤小,供瓣区直接封闭后仅留线性瘢痕等,还可切取肌肉组织填塞凹陷,进一步改善创基血运[29, 30]。因此,腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣得到广泛应用,成为修复四肢软组织外伤后缺损创面修复的优势皮瓣[31, 32, 33]。由于皮肤结构接近于足部,其用于同侧小腿及足部创面修复,不增加额外手术野,切取方便,可缩短手术时间,也有利于术后制动及同时护理,可操作性强,符合次要部位修复主要部位的原则[34];对手部电烧伤后伴有指骨缺损、甲床缺损患者有再植要求时,该皮瓣可作为获取额外皮肤软组织供Ⅱ期移植的有效创面修复方式[35]。目前尚无腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在手足电烧伤创面的系统性报道,本团队观察到腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足电烧伤创面具有如下优势:(1)血管蒂相对较长,血管吻合口径适中,有利于吻合口跨越电烧伤引起的临近血管损伤区域和炎性反应区域,降低了手术后出现血管危象的风险。这也是本组病例较少出现血管危象的原因。(2)该处皮肤质地与足部皮肤接近,脂肪偏薄,易于术中进一步去薄修整,用于修复手足趾创面形态较佳,外形恢复满意,起到一定程度美学修复效果[36, 37]。本组病例中,切取皮瓣最薄为0.4 cm,皮瓣存活后外观形态良好,特别是足部效果更明显,仅3个皮瓣进行了后期修薄。(3)皮瓣多穿支血供,可分叶切取,便于不规则创面修复及早期分指/趾修复[28],组合拼接后增加皮瓣宽度,利于修复较宽创面。(4)电烧伤常形成多个部位的创面,特别是高压电烧伤。根据患者损伤程度及修复紧迫程度来决定手术修复顺序,一般优先修复肢体、关节毁损严重的或远端(肢体/指/趾端)有血运障碍的部位,其次是修复面积较大且容易溶痂感染部位,手足电烧伤创面一般面积不大、护痂效果好。本组8例患者为高压电所致损伤,需优先修复的未纳入组的其他Ⅲ~Ⅳ度创面,待本组手足创面修复时,常无合适的股前外侧皮瓣、脐旁穿支皮瓣、腹股沟皮瓣等用于移植,此时选择腓肠内侧穿支皮瓣是可选的较为合适的皮瓣供区[38]。(5)可携带感觉神经作早期神经移植,利用皮瓣恢复保护性感觉,若需额外切取腓肠神经时,不必额外增加切口[39]。
为便于供瓣区缝合,该皮瓣可切取的宽度和面积偏小,对于较宽的创面可以腓肠内侧动脉的多个穿支为中心切取,分叶后拼接移植增加创面的修复宽度和面积,但仍仅适合修复中小型电烧伤创面;术后供瓣区瘢痕相对明显,对外观要求较高者不建议采用;此外,部分肥胖患者小腿处皮肤仍较丰厚,皮瓣利用效率不高。对手指远端和负重区等功能和感觉恢复要求较高时,仍建议使用足部皮瓣进行修复[40, 41]。
综上所述,腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣具有穿支血管恒定、血供可靠、血管蒂长、供区损伤小等优点。该皮瓣用于修复中小型手足部电烧伤创面,具有皮肤结构类似,可获得理想的得失比;切取移植时可以穿支为中心分叶或根据创面形状切取皮瓣,达到理想的修复效果。该手术可作为修复手足电烧伤创面的一种手术方式。
张卫东:手术操作、数据整理、论文撰写与修改、经费支持;张伟 余刚 陈斓 龚翔 茹天峰:手术操作、数据整理、论文修改;谢卫国:论文修改、研究指导、经费支持所有作者声明不存在利益冲突 -
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图 3 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复例3患者双足电烧伤创面的效果。3A、3B.分别为右、左伤后1 d,用磺胺嘧啶银乳膏护痂;3C.右足伤后22 d,创面行负压治疗后形成部分肉芽,第1跖趾关节开放及趾间关节囊部分坏死;3D.术中设计左小腿内侧动脉穿支动脉皮瓣11.0 cm×4.5 cm;3E.皮瓣切取完毕,携带2条穿支;3F.右足皮瓣移植术后14 d情况;3G.伤后37 d,左足创面清创后,近节趾骨部分坏死变黑,趾间关节腔开放;3H.切取右小腿内侧动脉穿支皮瓣(携带1条穿支);3I.皮瓣移植左足创面后即刻;3J、3K、3L.分别为随访26月,右、左足及双下肢情况:双足皮瓣形态良好,双小腿供区愈合良好
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张卫东-视频.mp4
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