Repair and reconstruction of facial organs injuries: the perfect harmony of structure and function

The repair of facial organ injuries is a complex field in plastic surgery that involves both functional recovery and morphological reconstruction. The therapeutic goal has evolved from traditional wound closure to the harmonious integration of form and function. To achieve this new objective, surgical plans need to incorporate various flap techniques, autologous and allogeneic tissue transplantation approaches, and integrate emerging methods such as digital design and biomaterials. Although the repair outcomes of facial organ injury have improved compared to the past, challenges such as insufficient nerve function reconstruction, limited scar management, donor site damage, and immune rejection in allogeneic transplantation persist. This article systematically reviews the mainstream repair methods and advancements in domestic and international research on key facial structures, including the nose, eyelids, lips, and ears, focusing on their defect characteristics and repair difficulties. It emphasizes how to achieve both three-dimensional structural reconstruction and dynamic functional restoration while maintaining aesthetic reconstruction. In the future, the integration of technologies such as tissue engineering, three-dimensional bioprinting, supermicrosurgery, and artificial intelligence will drive the development of facial organ injury repair and reconstruction towards precision, personalization, and minimally invasive approaches, ultimately achieving comprehensive rehabilitation of patients' physical, psychological, and social roles.