Gao CC,Chen JA,Wang AP.Research progress of induced pluripotent stem cells in promoting wound healing of diabetic foot ulcers[J].Chin J Burns Wounds,2022,38(9):864-869.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20210630-00230.
Citation: Liu X,Huang GT,Wu J.Research advances on the application of free flaps in limb salvage treatment of patients with diabetic foot ulcers[J].Chin J Burns Wounds,2024,40(10):985-990.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20240130-00041.

Research advances on the application of free flaps in limb salvage treatment of patients with diabetic foot ulcers

doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20240130-00041
Funds:

Shenzhen Portion of Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone Project HTHZQSWS-KCCYB-2023060

General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China 82172214, 82472545

More Information
  • Corresponding author: Wu Jun, Email: junwupro@126.com
  • Received Date: 2024-01-30
    Available Online: 2024-10-28
  • Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is one of the severe complications of diabetes, which is difficult to treat and associated with a high risk of amputation. Current guidelines recommend that the plane of amputation be comprehensively assessed based on the degree of tissue necrosis and plane of vascular occlusion in DFUs, the age and systemic organ function of patients. However, the survival and quality of life of DFU patients suffering from amputation will be significantly affected. After reviewing the national and international literature and summarizing the experience of limb-salvage treatment of DFUs, we believe that free flap transplantation is of great significance for limb-salvage treatment to some patients with severe DFUs. In addition, this article also focus on analyzing the indications and perioperative precautions for patients with DFUs undergoing free flap transplantation.

     

  • [1]
    SunH, SaeediP, KarurangaS, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022,183:109119. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.
    [2]
    SkrepnekGH, SrMJL, LaveryLA, et al. Health care service and outcomes among an estimated 6.7 million ambulatory care diabetic foot cases in the U.S[J]. Diabetes Care, 2017,40(7):936-942. DOI: 10.2337/dc16-2189.
    [3]
    van NettenJJ, BusSA, ApelqvistJ, et al. Definitions and criteria for diabetic foot disease[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2020,36Suppl 1:Se3268. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3268.
    [4]
    ArmstrongDG, TanTW, BoultonA, et al. Diabetic foot ulcers: a review[J]. JAMA, 2023,330(1):62-75. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.10578.
    [5]
    HuX, ZhangY, ChenY, et al. Validation and application of the 2019 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot risk stratification for diabetic foot in Chinese patients[J]. J Diabetes Investig, 2023,14(7):893-901. DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14014.
    [6]
    KuguyoO, MukonaDM, ChikwashaV, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic foot complications among people living with diabetes in Harare, Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study[J]. BMC Public Health, 2024,24(1):677. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17610-7.
    [7]
    ChenL, SunS, GaoY, et al. Global mortality of diabetic foot ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2023,25(1):36-45. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14840.
    [8]
    LinCW, ArmstrongDG, HuangCH, et al. Diabetic foot disease in subjects with End-stage renal Disease: a nationwide study over 14 years highlighting an emerging threat[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022,193:110134. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110134.
    [9]
    HarrisRC, FangW. Transmetatarsal amputation outcomes when utilized to address foot gangrene and infection: a retrospective chart review[J]. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2021,60(2):269-275. DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2020.08.006.
    [10]
    YammineK, HayekF, AssiC. A meta-analysis of mortality after minor amputation among patients with diabetes and/or peripheral vascular disease[J]. J Vasc Surg, 2020,72(6):2197-2207. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.07.086.
    [11]
    付记乐小腿创面显微修复的受区血管选择及血管吻合方式的探讨广州南方医科大学2020

    付记乐. 小腿创面显微修复的受区血管选择及血管吻合方式的探讨[D]. 广州:南方医科大学, 2020.

    [12]
    PouwerF, Mizokami-StoutK, ReevesND, et al. Psychosocial care for people with diabetic neuropathy: time for action[J]. Diabetes Care, 2024,47(1):17-25. DOI: 10.2337/dci23-0033.
    [13]
    LazzariniPA, CrambSM, GolledgeJ, et al. Global trends in the incidence of hospital admissions for diabetes-related foot disease and amputations: a review of national rates in the 21st century[J]. Diabetologia, 2023,66(2):267-287. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05845-9.
    [14]
    BekenyJC, ZolperEG, SteinbergJS, et al. Free tissue transfer for patients with chronic lower extremity wounds[J]. Clin Plast Surg, 2021,48(2):321-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2021.01.004.
    [15]
    KothaVS, FanKL, SchwitzerJA, et al. Amputation versus free flap: long-term outcomes of microsurgical limb salvage and risk factors for amputation in the diabetic population[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2021,147(3):742-750. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007644.
    [16]
    OrrapinS, SiribumrungwongB. Successful revascularization, angiosome concept, and multivessel revascularization: effects on wound healing: an asian perspective[J]. Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2024,23(1):12-18. DOI: 10.1177/15347346231212330.
    [17]
    OhTS, LeeHS, HongJP. Diabetic foot reconstruction using free flaps increases 5-year-survival rate[J]. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2013,66(2):243-250. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.09.024.
    [18]
    BhatS, ChiaB, BarryIP, et al. Free tissue transfer in diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2023,66(5):670-677. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.07.031.
    [19]
    蒋玲丽, 李海, 魏在荣, 等. 股前外侧嵌合穿支皮瓣修复糖尿病足溃疡创面[J].中华显微外科杂志,2021,44(2):141-145. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn441206-20200813-00320.
    [20]
    GolledgeJ. Update on the pathophysiology and medical treatment of peripheral artery disease[J]. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2022,19(7):456-474. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00663-9.
    [21]
    FoussardN, DariL, DucasseE, et al. Lower-limb peripheral arterial disease and amputations in people with diabetes: risk factors, prognostic value and management[J]. Presse Med, 2023,52(1):104164. DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2023.104164.
    [22]
    ShishehborMH, PowellRJ, Montero-BakerMF, et al. Transcatheter arterialization of deep veins in chronic limb-threatening ischemia[J]. N Engl J Med, 2023,388(13):1171-1180. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2212754.
    [23]
    Fitzgerald O'ConnorEJ, VeselyM, HoltPJ, et al. A systematic review of free tissue transfer in the management of non-traumatic lower extremity wounds in patients with diabetes[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2011,41(3):391-399. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.11.013.
    [24]
    HoulindK. Surgical revascularization and reconstruction procedures in diabetic foot ulceration[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2020,36Suppl 1:Se3256. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3256.
    [25]
    SuhHP, ParkCJ, HongJP. Special considerations for diabetic foot reconstruction[J]. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2021,37(1):12-16. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714431.
    [26]
    FitridgeR, ChuterV, MillsJ, et al. The intersocietal IWGDF, ESVS, SVS guidelines on peripheral artery disease in people with diabetes and a foot ulcer[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2024,40(3):e3686. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3686.
    [27]
    VenermoM, BiancariF, ArvelaE, et al. The role of chronic kidney disease as a predictor of outcome after revascularisation of the ulcerated diabetic foot[J]. Diabetologia, 2011,54(12):2971-2977. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2279-1.
    [28]
    ArmstrongDG, SwerdlowMA, ArmstrongAA, et al. Five year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer[J]. J Foot Ankle Res, 2020,13(1):16. DOI: 10.1186/s13047-020-00383-2.
    [29]
    ChienSH, HuangCC, HsuH, et al. Free tissue transfers for limb salvage in patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2011,127(3):1222-1228. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318205f461.
    [30]
    OuCY, WuMS, LinMC, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes of free flap reconstruction versus amputation for diabetic foot reconstruction in patients with end-stage renal disease[J]. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2022,75(8):2511-2519. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.04.024.
    [31]
    SchaperNC, van NettenJJ, ApelqvistJ, et al. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease (IWGDF 2023 update)[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2024,40(3):e3657. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3657.
    [32]
    SungIH, JangDW, KimSW, et al. Reconstruction of diabetic lower leg and foot soft tissue defects using thoracodorsal artery perforator chimeric flaps[J]. Microsurgery, 2018,38(6):674-681. DOI: 10.1002/micr.30314.
    [33]
    ChangLS, JangDW, KimYH, et al. Diabetic foot resurfacing using microvascular tissue transfer from lateral thoracic region[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2023,39(2):e3593. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3593.
    [34]
    KimSW, SungIH, KimYH. Reconstruction of severe atherosclerotic and obstructive diabetic feet using thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps with long vascular pedicles[J]. Microsurgery, 2018,38(3):287-294. DOI: 10.1002/micr.30251.
    [35]
    KimSW, YounDH, HwangKT, et al. Reconstruction of the lateral malleolus and calcaneus region using free thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps[J]. Microsurgery, 2016,36(3):198-205. DOI: 10.1002/micr.22389.
    [36]
    SennevilleÉ, AlbalawiZ, van AstenSA, et al. IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes-related foot infections (IWGDF/IDSA 2023)[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2023:ciad527. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad527.
    [37]
    ChangS, JianY, LiuC, et al. Combining antibiotic-loaded bone cement-based free vastus lateralis muscle-sparing flap with split-thickness skin grafts: a reliable strategy for reconstructing diabetic foot ulcers at non-weight-bearing areas[J]. Int Wound J, 2024,21(5):e14900. DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14900.
    [38]
    JigaLP, JandaliZ, MerwartB, et al. The free vastus lateralis muscle flap. A smart less used flap for soft tissue reconstruction of the weight-bearing foot[J]. Injury, 2020,51Suppl 4:S34-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.03.019.
    [39]
    JinkaS, JinkaA, JanisJE. Lower extremity reconstruction with anterolateral thigh free-flap anastomoses: a computational fluid dynamic analysis[J]. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2024,40(1):12-22. DOI: 10.1055/a-2056-0629.
    [40]
    OhtaM, IkedaM, TogoT, et al. Limb salvage of infected diabetic foot ulcers with free deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps[J]. Microsurgery, 2006,26(2):87-92. DOI: 10.1002/micr.20180.
    [41]
    RandonC, VermassenF, JacobsB, et al. Outcome of arterial reconstruction and free-flap coverage in diabetic foot ulcers: long-term results[J]. World J Surg, 2010,34(1):177-184. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-0250-9.
    [42]
    SalibianAA, SwerdlowMA, KondraK, et al. Extreme limb salvage: the thin SCIP flap for distal amputation coverage in highly comorbid patients[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2024,154(2):440-449. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000011030.
    [43]
    OzkanO, CoşkunfiratOK, OzgentaşHE. Reliability of free-flap coverage in diabetic foot ulcers[J]. Microsurgery, 2005,25(2):107-112. DOI: 10.1002/micr.20094.
    [44]
    LipskyBA, SennevilleÉ, AbbasZG, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of foot infection in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update)[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2020,36Suppl 1:Se3280. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3280.
    [45]
    ThaiDQ, JungYK, HahnHM, et al. Factors affecting the outcome of lower extremity osteomyelitis treated with microvascular free flaps: an analysis of 65 patients[J]. J Orthop Surg Res, 2021,16(1):535. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02686-x.
    [46]
    陈伟, 常树森, 周健, 等. 抗生素骨水泥联合游离股前外侧组织瓣序贯治疗糖尿病足溃疡的临床疗效[J].中华烧伤与创面修复杂志,2023,39(4):319-324. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220628-00267.
    [47]
    TcheroH, KangambegaP, NoubouL, et al. Antibiotic therapy of diabetic foot infections: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials[J]. Wound Repair Regen, 2018,26(5):381-391. DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12649.
    [48]
    LeeZH, DaarDA, StranixJT, et al. Free-flap reconstruction for diabetic lower extremity limb salvage[J]. J Surg Res, 2020,248:165-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.12.008.
    [49]
    ChenP, VilorioNC, DhatariyaK, et al. Guidelines on interventions to enhance healing of foot ulcers in people with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update)[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2024,40(3):e3644. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3644.
    [50]
    RuderK. Diabetic foot infections and amputations are all too common-here's what could move the needle[J]. JAMA, 2024,331(12):998-1000. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.1016.
    [51]
    简扬, 魏在荣, 陈伟, 等. 游离皮瓣在糖尿病足溃疡修复中的应用研究进展[J].中华烧伤与创面修复杂志, 2023, 39(4): 376-380. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20221216-00539.
    [52]
    刘陈肖笑, 简扬, 张演基, 等. 基于抗生素骨水泥的糖尿病足溃疡治疗策略研究进展[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志,2023,19(6):591-596. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2023.06.014.
  • Relative Articles

    [1]National expert consensus on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers complicated with lower extremity vasculopathy (2024 version)[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2024, 40(3): 206-220. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20231122-00202
    [2]Zhao Jianjun, Xie Zhenjun, Zhao Guohong, Zhang Jianhua, Sun Huawei, Bai Huikai, Zhang Huifeng, Zhang Dongbin, Xiao Erhui, Zhu Guosong. Clinical effects of free anterolateral thigh perforator flaps in repairing diabetic foot ulcers under a multi-disciplinary team cooperation model[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2024, 40(8): 756-761. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20231107-00184
    [3]Liu Xin, Huang Guangtao, Wu Jun. Research advances on the application of free flaps in limb salvage treatment of patients with diabetic foot ulcers[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2024, 40(10): 985-990. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20240130-00041
    [4]Guo Xiaofeng, Deng Xinxin, Huang Zhihu, Xue Mingyu, Bu Fanyu. Effects of pedicled flap combined with membrane induction technique in repairing foot and ankle wounds in diabetic patients[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2023, 39(4): 325-329. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20221212-00534
    [5]Chen Wei, Chang Shusen, Zhou Jian, Zhang Fang, Yang Chenglan, Nie Kaiyu, Deng Chengliang, Wei Zairong. Clinical effects of antibiotic bone cement combined with free anterolateral thigh flap in sequential treatment of diabetic foot ulcer[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2023, 39(4): 319-324. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220628-00267
    [6]Guo Qingjiao, Ouyang Jing, Rao Jiaqin, Zhang Yizhi, Yu Lihong, Xu Wanying, Long Jinhua, Gao Xiuhua, Wu Xiaoyan, Gu Ying. Construction and preliminary validation of a risk prediction model for the recurrence of diabetic foot ulcer in diabetic patients[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2023, 39(12): 1149-1157. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20231101-00166
    [7]Wang Qian, Zhu Hongjuan, Feng Ying, Chu Wanli, Song Yaoyao. A cross-sectional survey and analysis of the pain status and its influencing factors in diabetic foot ulcer patients[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2023, 39(4): 330-336. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220421-00150
    [8]Jian Yang, Wei Zairong, Chen Wei, Zhang Yanji, Tang Mingyuan, Zhong Yunxue, Liu Chenxiaoxiao. Research advances on the application of free flaps in repairing diabetic foot ulcers[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2023, 39(4): 376-380. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20221216-00539
    [9]Sun Tianyi, Lu Feng, Gao Jianhua, Zhou Cheng, Dong Ziqing, Li Bin. Progress on the mechanism and application of adipose-derived stem cells in promoting wound repair[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2022, 38(12): 1190-1195. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220729-00320
    [10]Lin Zhihu, Wang Jun, Liang Zunhong, Pan Yunchuan. Research advances on stem cell therapy for diabetic foot wounds[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2022, 38(3): 281-286. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20210828-00292
    [11]Wang Ning, Ju Shang. Research advances on the mechanism of refractory healing of diabetic foot ulcer[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2022, 38(11): 1085-1089. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220227-00038
    [12]Wang Peng, Chen Zhaohong, Jiang Liyuan, Zhou Xiaoqian, Jia Chiyu, Xiao Hou'an. Screening, functional analysis and clinical validation of differentially expressed genes in diabetic foot ulcers[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2022, 38(10): 944-951. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220731-00328
    [13]Yu Xiaoyuan, Zhao Mingyu, Zhang Ying, Xu Gang. Research advances on the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers with autologous platelet-rich fibrin[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2022, 38(12): 1185-1189. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220110-00001
    [14]Li Feifei, Zhang Jie, Gao Chunchen, Wang Tianyuan, Zhi Liming, Wang Jing, Wang Aiping. Influence of maggot excretions/secretions on the anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa effect of neutrophils in patients with diabetic foot ulcer[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2021, 37(5): 413-419. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20210312-00085
    [15]Wang Tianyuan, Chen Yinchen, Wang Wei, Jiang Dong, Liu Lan, Yang Hui, Wang Aiping. Mechanism of maggot debridement therapy in promoting wound angiogenesis in patients with diabetic foot ulcer[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2020, 36(11): 1040-1049. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20191022-00409
    [16]Shao Jiaming, Wang Xingang, Yu Chaoheng, Han Chunmao. Teicoplanin-induced hypersensitivity syndrome in a diabetic foot patient with malignant ulcer[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2020, 36(8): 747-750. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20190617-00273
    [17]Shen Jinfu, Jiang Ruimei, Wang Zhuoqun, Li Mao, Li Juan, Xie Shuyong, Kang Jingjing. Recurrence and influencing factors of diabetic foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2020, 36(10): 947-952. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20190726-00315
    [18]Huang Hongjun, Niu Xihua, Yang Guanlong, Wang Liying, Shi Fanchao, Xu Shaojun, Xu Lingang, Li Yonglin. Clinical effects of application of antibiotic bone cement in wounds of diabetic foot ulcers[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2019, 35(6): 464-466. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2019.06.013
    [19]Xue Chunli, Hu Zhicheng, Yang Zuxian, Li Xiaojian. Meta-analysis on the clinical effects of allogenic acellular dermal matrix treatment for diabetic foot ulcer[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BURNS AND WOUNDS, 2016, 32(12): 725-729. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2016.12.005
  • Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Amount of accessChart context menuAbstract Views, HTML Views, PDF Downloads StatisticsAbstract ViewsHTML ViewsPDF Downloads2024-042024-052024-062024-072024-082024-092024-102024-112024-122025-012025-022025-03010203040
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Class DistributionFULLTEXT: 14.2 %FULLTEXT: 14.2 %META: 78.8 %META: 78.8 %PDF: 7.1 %PDF: 7.1 %FULLTEXTMETAPDF
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Area Distribution其他: 6.4 %其他: 6.4 %其他: 0.2 %其他: 0.2 %United States: 0.2 %United States: 0.2 %上海: 0.5 %上海: 0.5 %上饶: 0.2 %上饶: 0.2 %东莞: 1.8 %东莞: 1.8 %伦敦: 0.7 %伦敦: 0.7 %内江: 0.2 %内江: 0.2 %北京: 3.9 %北京: 3.9 %南京: 1.8 %南京: 1.8 %南宁: 0.2 %南宁: 0.2 %台州: 0.2 %台州: 0.2 %合肥: 0.5 %合肥: 0.5 %呼和浩特: 0.5 %呼和浩特: 0.5 %咸阳: 0.2 %咸阳: 0.2 %哥伦布: 0.2 %哥伦布: 0.2 %大连: 0.2 %大连: 0.2 %天津: 1.6 %天津: 1.6 %太原: 0.2 %太原: 0.2 %宝鸡: 0.9 %宝鸡: 0.9 %宿州: 0.2 %宿州: 0.2 %常州: 0.2 %常州: 0.2 %广州: 0.7 %广州: 0.7 %张家口: 1.6 %张家口: 1.6 %徐州: 0.2 %徐州: 0.2 %德阳: 0.5 %德阳: 0.5 %德黑兰: 0.9 %德黑兰: 0.9 %成都: 1.6 %成都: 1.6 %拉贾斯坦邦: 0.7 %拉贾斯坦邦: 0.7 %无锡: 1.4 %无锡: 1.4 %昆明: 0.5 %昆明: 0.5 %普赖恩维尔: 0.7 %普赖恩维尔: 0.7 %杭州: 0.7 %杭州: 0.7 %梧州: 1.8 %梧州: 1.8 %榆林: 0.2 %榆林: 0.2 %武汉: 0.9 %武汉: 0.9 %沃思堡: 2.1 %沃思堡: 2.1 %沈阳: 0.5 %沈阳: 0.5 %洛阳: 0.9 %洛阳: 0.9 %济南: 0.9 %济南: 0.9 %海得拉巴: 0.7 %海得拉巴: 0.7 %淄博: 0.2 %淄博: 0.2 %深圳: 0.2 %深圳: 0.2 %温州: 0.2 %温州: 0.2 %渭南: 0.5 %渭南: 0.5 %湖州: 0.2 %湖州: 0.2 %漯河: 0.5 %漯河: 0.5 %烟台: 0.2 %烟台: 0.2 %石家庄: 0.2 %石家庄: 0.2 %石河子: 0.2 %石河子: 0.2 %秦皇岛: 0.5 %秦皇岛: 0.5 %芒廷维尤: 22.4 %芒廷维尤: 22.4 %芝加哥: 0.7 %芝加哥: 0.7 %苏州: 1.6 %苏州: 1.6 %西宁: 4.1 %西宁: 4.1 %西安: 2.1 %西安: 2.1 %贵阳: 0.7 %贵阳: 0.7 %赣州: 0.2 %赣州: 0.2 %运城: 0.2 %运城: 0.2 %连云港: 1.1 %连云港: 1.1 %通化: 1.4 %通化: 1.4 %遵义: 0.7 %遵义: 0.7 %郑州: 0.2 %郑州: 0.2 %重庆: 16.2 %重庆: 16.2 %长沙: 4.3 %长沙: 4.3 %阜阳: 0.5 %阜阳: 0.5 %青岛: 1.6 %青岛: 1.6 %香港: 0.5 %香港: 0.5 %其他其他United States上海上饶东莞伦敦内江北京南京南宁台州合肥呼和浩特咸阳哥伦布大连天津太原宝鸡宿州常州广州张家口徐州德阳德黑兰成都拉贾斯坦邦无锡昆明普赖恩维尔杭州梧州榆林武汉沃思堡沈阳洛阳济南海得拉巴淄博深圳温州渭南湖州漯河烟台石家庄石河子秦皇岛芒廷维尤芝加哥苏州西宁西安贵阳赣州运城连云港通化遵义郑州重庆长沙阜阳青岛香港

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article views (89) PDF downloads(25) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return